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| Warren L. McCabe | Julian C. Smith | Peter Harriott UNIT OPERATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING The Series Bailey and Ollis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals Bennett and Myers: Momentum, Heat, end Mass Transfer Brodkey and Hershey: Transport Phenomena: 4 Unified Approach Carberry: Chemical and Catatytic Reaction Engincering Constantinides: Applied Numerical Methods with Personal Computers Conghanowr: Process Systems Analysis and Control de Nevers: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers Douglas: Concepiual Design of Chemical Processes Edgar and Himmelblan: Optimization of Chemical Processes Gates, Katzer, and Schuit: Chemistry uf Catalptic Processes Holland: Fundamentais of Multicomponent Distillation Holland and Liapis: Computer Methods for Solving Dynamic Separation Problems Katz and Lee: Natural Gas Engineering: Production and Storage King: Separation Processes Lee: Fundamentals of Microelectronics Processing Luyben: Process Modeling, Simulation, and Control for Chemical Engineers MeCabe, Smith, and Harriott: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering Mickley, Sherwoad, and Recd: Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering Middleman and Hochberg: Process Engincering Analysis in Semiconductor Device Fabrication Nelson: Petroleum Refinery Engincering Perry and Chilton (Editors): Perry's Chemical Engineers! Handbook. Peters: Elementar; Chemical Engineering Peters and Timmerhaus: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers Reid, Prausnitz, and Ralling: Properties of Gases end Liguids Smith: Chemical Engineering Kinetics Smith and Van Ness: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Treybal; Mass Transfer Operations Valle-Riestra: Projecs Evaluation in the Chemical Process Industries Wei, Russell, and Swartzlander: The Structure of the Chemical Provessing Industries Wentz: Hazardous Waste Management UNIT OPERATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING International Editions 1993 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Book Co. - Singapore for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from lhe country to which it is consigned by MeGraw-Hlitl. Copyright & 1993, 1985, 1976, 1967, 1956 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. AH rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, withont the prior written permission of the publisher. [234567890 CWPPMP9ST7GSAI This book was set in Times Roman. The editors were B.J. Clark and Eleanor Castellano; the production supervisor was Louise Karam. The cover was designed by Joseph Gillians. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data MeCabe, Warren L. (Warren Lee), (date). Unil operations of chemical engineering / Warren L. McCabe, Julian C, Smith, Peter Harriolt. - Sth cd. p. em. - (MkGraw-Hill chemical engincering series) Includes index. ISBN 0-07-044844-2 1. Chemical processes. 1. Smith, Julian C. (Julian Cleveland), (date) MT Harriott, Peter. NL Tile. IV. Seres. TPI5S. 7. M393 1993 660". 2842-dv20 92-36218 When ordering this title, use ISBN 8-07-112738-0 Printed in Singapore ABOUT THE AUTHORS Julian C. Smith (B.Chem., Chem.E., Cornell University) is Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering at Cornell University, where he joined the faculty in 1946. He was Director of Continuing Engineering Education at Cornell from 1965 to 1971, aná Director of the School of Chemical Engineering from 1975 to 1983. He retired from active teaching in 1986. Before joining the faculty at Cornell, he was employed as a chemical engineer by EL duPont de Nemours and Co. He has served as a consultant on process devclopment to Du Pont, American Cyanamid, and many other companies, as well as government agencies. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and a Fellow of Lhe American Institute of Chemical Engincers. Peter Harriott (B. Chem.E., Cornell University, ScD., Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is the Fred H. Rhodes Professor of Chemical Engineering at Cornell University. Before joining the Cornell faculty in 1953, he worked as a chemical engineer for the EI. duPont de Nemours and Co. and the General Eleetric Co. In 1966 he was awarded an NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship for study at the Institute for Catalysis in Lyon, France, and in 1988 he received a DOE fellowship for work at the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center. Professor Harriott is the author of Process Control and a member of the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He has been a consultant to the U.S. Department of Energy and several industrial firms on problems of mass transfer, reactor design, and air poliution control. CONTENTS Preface Section 1 Introduction xix 1 Definitions and Principles 3 Unit Operations 4 Unit Systems 5 Physical Quantíties 5 SI] Units 5 Cgs Units 9 Gas Constant 10 Fps Engineering Units 1 Conversion of Units 12 Units and Equations 14 Dimensional Analysis 16 Basic Concepts 18 Eguations of State of Gases 18 Symbols 2 Problems 2 References 3 Section 2 Fluid Mechanics 25 2 Fluid Statics and Its Applications 27 Symhols 39 Problems “q References 4 CONTENTS Fluid-Flow Phenomena 42 Turbulence 48 Symbols 61 Problems [5] References [2] Basic Equations of Fluid Flow 64 Symbols 81 Problems 82 References 82 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers 83 Flow of incompressible Fluids in Pipes 8a Laminar Flow in Pipes 86 Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Closed Channels 92 Flow of Liquids in Thin Layers 112 Symbols ms Problems “ur References 119 Flow of Compressible Fluids 120 Processes of Compressible Flow 125 Flow through Variable-Area Conduits 126 Adiabatiç Frictional Flow 133 isothermal Frictional Flow 137 Symbols 139 Problems 141 References 142 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 13 Friction in Flow through Beds of Solids 151 Motion of Particles through Fluids 155 Fluidization 165 Symbols 7 Problems 178 References 180 Transportation and Metering of Fluids 181 Pipe, Fittings, and Valves 181 Finid-moving Machinery 188 Pumps 189 Positive-Displacement Pumps 193 Centrifugal Pumps 195 Fans, Blowers, and Compressors 204 Measurement of Flowing Fluids 24 Full-Bore Meters 215 Insertion Meters 229 CONTENTS 13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change Esc Heat Transfer from Condensing Vapors Era Heat Transfer to Boiling Liquids 385 Symbols 394 Problems 395 References 396 14 Radiation Heat Transfer 397 Emission of Radiation 398 Absorption of Radiation by Opaque Solids 402 ion between Surfaces 405 m to Semitransparent Materials 416 Combined Heat Transfer by Conduclion-Convection and Radiation 422 Symbols 423 Problems 42 References 426 15 Heat-Exchange Equipment 427 Heat Exchangers 428 Condensers 439 Boilers and Calandrias 442 Extended Surface Equipment 445 Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels ast Scraped-Surface Exchangers 453 Heat Transfer in Packed Beds 455 Symbols 457 Problems 459 References a6t 16 Evaporation 463 Types of Evaporators 465 Performance o/ Tubular Evaporators 470 Evaporator Capacity 47% Evaporator Economy 416 Vapor Recompression ao Symbols as2 Problems 492 References 494 Section 4 Mass Transfer and Its Applications 17 Eguilibrium-Stage Operations so! Principles of Stage Processes sos. Equilibrium-Stage Calculations for Multicomponent Systems 519 18 19 20 a Symbols Problems References Distillation Flash Distiliation Continuons Distillation with Reflux (Rectification) Material Balances in Plato Columns Number of Ideal Plates; MeCabe-Thicle Method Enthalpy Balances for Fractionating Columns Design ol Sieve-Plate Columns Plate Efficiency Reetification in Packed Towers Batch Distillation Symbols Problems References Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation Flash Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures Fractionation of Multicomponent Mixtures Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation Symbols Problems References Leaching and Extraction Leaching Leaching Equipment Principles of Continuous Countercurrent Leaching Liquid Extraction Extraction Equipment Principles of Extraction Supereritical Fluid Extraction Symbols Problems References Principles of Diffusion and Mass Transfer between Phases Theory of Diffusion Mass-Transfer Coefficients and Film Theory Penetration Theory of Mass Transfer Experimenta! Measurement of Mass-Transfer Cosfficients Coefficients for Mass Transfer Lhrough Known Areas Mass Transfer to Pipes and Cylinders Mass Transfer to Partícles Two-Film Theory Stage Bfficiencies 519 s19 520 sai 525 53 553 560 568 576 576 580 582 587 sB8 592 593 609 610 [38] 613 614 61d 615 617 623 e 62 64 643 646 647 648 658 662 663 665 666 s70 676 26 Membrane Separation Processes s38 Separation of Gases 838 Separation of Liquids Rs9 Dialysis 860 Membranes for Liguid-Liquid Extraction 862 Pervaporation 864 Reverse Osmosis sn Symbols 8º Problems 89 References s81 27 Crystallization 882 Crystal Geometry s83 Principles of Crystallization 884 Equilibria and Yields 8a Nucleation 892 Crystal Growth 899 Crystallization Equipment 902 Applications of Principles to Design 909 MSMPR Crystallizer 909 Crystallization from Melts 918 Symbols 920 Problems 924 References 923 Section 5 Operations Involving Particulate Solids sos 28 Properties, Handling, and Mixing of Particulate Solids 927 Characterization of Solid Particles s27 Properties of Particulate Masses 936 Storage of Solids 939 Mixing of Solids 941 Types of Mixers 942 Mixers for Cohesive Solids 943 Mixers for Free-Flowing Solids 952 Symbols 957 Problems 958 References 959 29 Size Reduction 260 Principles of Comminution 961 *, Computer Simulation of Milling Operations 965 Size-Reduction Equipment 970 Crushers 97 Grinders 975 Ultrafine Grinders se2 Cutting Machines 086 xy 30 CONTENTS Equipment Operation Symbols Problems References Mechanical Separations Sereening Screening Equipment Filtration Cake Filters Centrifugal Filters Principles of Cake Filtration Clarifying Filters Liquid Clarification Gas Cleaning Principles of Clarification Crossflow Filtration Types of Membranes Permeate Flux for Ultrafiltration Concentration Polarization Partial Rejection of Solutes Microfiltration Separation Based on the Motion of Particles through Fluids Gravity Settling Processes Centrifugal Setiling Processes Symbols Problems References Appendixes Appendix 1 Cgs and SI Prefixes for Multiples and Submultiples Appendix 2 Values of Gas Constant Appendix 3 Conversion Factors and Constants of Nature Appendix 4 Dimensionless Groups Appendix 5 Dimensions, Capacitics, and Wcights of Standard Steel Pipe Appendix 6 Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tube Data Appendix 7 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water Appendix 8 Viscosities of Gases Appendix 9 Viscosities of Liquids Appendix 10 Thermal! Conductivities of Metals Appendix 11 Thermal Conductivities of Various Solids and Insulating Materials Appendix 12 Thermal Conductivities of Gases and Vapors Appendix 13 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids Other Than Water Appendix 14 Properties of Liquid Water Appendix 15 Specific Heats of Gases Appendix 16 Specific Fleats of Liquids Appendix 17 Prandtl Numbers for Gascs at 1 atm and 100ºC 987 990 992 992 994 994 995 1002 1003 101 1016 1030 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1036 1037 1043 1046 1047 1048 1060 1072 1074 1076 1079 1079 1080 1081 1084 1086 1088 1090 1092 1094 1097 1098 1101 noz 1103 1104 n0s PREFACE “his revised edition of the text on the unit operations of chemical engineering contains much updated and new material, reflecting, in part, the broadening of the chemical engineering profession into new arcas such as food processing, electronics, and biochemical applications. Its basic structure and general level of treatment, however, remain unchanged from previous editions. Nisa beginning text, written for undergraduate students in the junior or senior years who have completed the usual courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and an introduo- tion to chemical engineering. An elementary knowledge of material and energy balances and of thermodynamic principles is assumed. Separate chapters are devoted to each of the principal operations, which are grouped in four main sections: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, equilibrium stages and mass transfer, and operations involving particulate solids. One-semester or ono-quarter courses may be based on any of these sections or combinations of them. 1n this edition SI units are emphasized much more than in previous editions, but the older cgs and fps systems have not been completely eliminated. Chemical engincers must still be able to use all three systems of units. The great majority of the equations and correlations, it should be noted, are dimensionless and may be used with any set of consistent units. A new chapter on membrane separations has been added, and the order of the chapters on multicomponent distillation, extraction, drying, and crystallization has been made more logica. The discussion of particulate solids has been shortened and two former chapters on properties and handling of solids and of solids mixing have been combined into one, New material has been added on flow measurement, dispersion operations, supercritical extraction, pressure-swing ad- sorption, crystallization techniques, crossfiow filtration, sedimentation, and many other topies. The treatment of dimensional analysis has been condensed and moved from the appendixes to Chapter 1. xix 
