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EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1996-1-
November 2005
ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.30 Supersedes ENV 1996-1-1:1995, ENV 1996-1-3:
English Version
Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures - Part 1-1: General
rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures
Eurocode 6 - Calcul des ouvrages en maçonnerie - Partie 1-1: Règles communes pour ouvrages en maçonnerie armée et non armée
Eurocode 6 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Mauerwerksbauten - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Regeln für bewehrtes und unbewehrtes Mauerwerk
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 June 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A L I S A T I O N E U R O P Ä I S C H E S K O M I T E E F Ü R N O R M U N G
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 1996-1-1:2005: E
Contents Page
- Background to the Eurocode programme.........................................................................................
- Status and field of application of Eurocodes.....................................................................................
- National Standards implementing Eurocodes
- products Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for
- National Annex for EN 1996-1-1
- 1 General
- 1.1 Scope
- 1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode
- 1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode
- 1.1.3 Further Parts of Eurocode 6.................................................................................................
- 1.2 Normative references
- 1.2.1 General
- 1.2.2 Reference standards
- 1.3 Assumptions
- 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules.........................................................
- 1.5 Terms and Definitions
- 1.5.1 General
- 1.5.2 Terms relating to masonry....................................................................................................
- 1.5.3 Terms relating to strength of masonry
- 1.5.4 Terms relating to masonry units
- 1.5.5 Terms relating to mortar
- 1.5.6 Terms relating to concrete infill
- 1.5.7 Terms relating to reinforcement
- 1.5.8 Terms relating to ancillary components..............................................................................
- 1.5.9 Terms relating to mortar joints............................................................................................
- 1.5.10 Terms relating to wall types
- 1.5.11 Miscellaneous terms
- 1.6 Symbols...................................................................................................................................
- 2 Basis of design
- 2.1 Basic requirements
- 2.1.1 General
- 2.1.2 Reliability
- 2.1.3 Design working life and durability.......................................................................................
- 2.2 Principles of limit state design..............................................................................................
- 2.3 Basic variables........................................................................................................................
- 2.3.1 Actions
- 2.3.2 Design values of actions.........................................................................................................
- 2.3.3 Material and product properties..........................................................................................
- 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method............................................................................
- 2.4.1 Design values of material properties....................................................................................
- 2.4.2 Combination of actions ..........................................................................................................
- 2.4.3 Ultimate limit states ...............................................................................................................
- 2.4.4 Serviceability limit states .......................................................................................................
- 2.5 Design assisted by testing.......................................................................................................
- 3 Materials .................................................................................................................................
- 3.1 Masonry Units ........................................................................................................................
- 3.1.1 Types and grouping of masonry units ..................................................................................
- 3.1.2 Properties of masonry units –compressive strength ...........................................................
- 3.2 Mortar .....................................................................................................................................
- 3.2.1 Types of masonry mortar ......................................................................................................
- 3.2.2 Specification of masonry mortar ..........................................................................................
- 3.2.3 Properties of mortar...............................................................................................................
- 3.3 Concrete infill .........................................................................................................................
- 3.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................................
- 3.3.2 Specification for concrete infill .............................................................................................
- 3.3.3 Properties of concrete infill ...................................................................................................
- 3.4 Reinforcing steel .....................................................................................................................
- 3.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................
- 3.4.2 Properties of reinforcing steel bars.......................................................................................
- 3.4.3 Properties of prefabricated bed joint reinforcement ..........................................................
- 3.5 Prestressing steel ....................................................................................................................
- 3.6 Mechanical properties of masonry .......................................................................................
- 3.6.1 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry ................................................................
- 3.6.2 Characteristic shear strength of masonry............................................................................
- 3.6.3 Characteristic flexural strength of masonry........................................................................
- 3.6.4 Characteristic anchorage strength of reinforcement..........................................................
- 3.7 Deformation properties of masonry .....................................................................................
- 3.7.1 Stress-strain relationship.......................................................................................................
- 3.7.2 Modulus of elasticity ..............................................................................................................
- 3.7.3 Shear modulus ........................................................................................................................
- 3.7.4 Creep, moisture expansion or shrinkage and thermal expansion .....................................
- 3.8 Ancillary components ............................................................................................................
- 3.8.1 Damp proof courses ...............................................................................................................
- 3.8.2 Wall ties...................................................................................................................................
- 3.8.3 Straps, hangers and brackets ................................................................................................
- 3.8.4 Prefabricated lintels ...............................................................................................................
- 3.8.5 Prestressing devices................................................................................................................
- 4 Durability ................................................................................................................................
- 4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................
- 4.2 Classification of environmental conditions ..........................................................................
- 4.3 Durability of masonry............................................................................................................
- 4.3.1 Masonry units .........................................................................................................................
- 4.3.2 Mortar .....................................................................................................................................
- 4.3.3 Reinforcing steel .....................................................................................................................
- 4.3.4 Prestressing steel ....................................................................................................................
- 4.3.5 Prestressing devices................................................................................................................
- 4.3.6 Ancillary components and support angles ...........................................................................
- 4.4 Masonry below ground ..........................................................................................................
- 5 Structural analysis.................................................................................................................
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Structural behaviour in accidental situations (other than earthquakes and fire)...........
- 5.3 Imperfections
- 5.4 Second order effects...............................................................................................................
- 5.5 Analysis of structural members............................................................................................
- 5.5.1 Masonry walls subjected to vertical loading
- 5.5.2 Reinforced masonry members subjected to vertical loading.............................................
- 5.5.3 Masonry shear walls subjected to shear loading
- 5.5.4 Reinforced masonry members subjected to shear loading
- 5.5.5 Masonry walls subjected to lateral loading.........................................................................
- 6 Ultimate Limit State
- 6.1 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to mainly vertical loading...................................
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Verification of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to mainly vertical loading..........
- 6.1.3 Walls subjected to concentrated loads.................................................................................
- 6.2 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to shear loading
- 6.3 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to lateral loading
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 Walls arching between supports
- 6.3.3 Walls subjected to wind loading...........................................................................................
- 6.3.4 Walls subjected to lateral loading from earth and water
- 6.3.5 Walls subjected to lateral loading from accidental situations...........................................
- 6.4 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to combined vertical and lateral loading
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Method using Φ factor...........................................................................................................
- 6.4.3 Method using apparent flexural strength............................................................................
- 6.4.4 Method using equivalent bending coefficients
- 6.5 Ties
- axial loading 6.6 Reinforced masonry members subjected to bending, bending and axial loading, or
- 6.6.1 General
- loading..................................................................................................................................... 6.6.2 Verification of reinforced masonry members subjected to bending and/or axial
- 6.6.3 Flanged Reinforced Members
- 6.6.4 Deep beams.............................................................................................................................
- 6.6.5 Composite lintels....................................................................................................................
- 6.7 Reinforced masonry members subjected to shear loading
- 6.7.1 General
- of the wall 6.7.2 Verification of reinforced masonry walls subjected to horizontal loads in the plane
- 6.7.3 Verification of reinforced masonry beams subjected to shear loading
- 6.7.4 Verification of deep beams subjected to shear loading
- 6.8 Prestressed masonry..............................................................................................................
- 6.8.1 General
- 6.8.2 Verification of Members
- 6.9 Confined masonry..................................................................................................................
- 6.9.1 General
- 6.9.2 Verification of members........................................................................................................
- 7 Serviceability Limit State ......................................................................................................
- 7.1 General ....................................................................................................................................
- 7.2 Unreinforced masonry walls .................................................................................................
- 7.3 Reinforced masonry members ..............................................................................................
- 7.4 Prestressed masonry members..............................................................................................
- 7.5 Confined masonry members .................................................................................................
- 7.6 Walls subjected to concentrated loads .................................................................................
- 8 Detailing ..................................................................................................................................
- 8.1 Masonry details ......................................................................................................................
- 8.1.1 Masonry materials..................................................................................................................
- 8.1.2 Minimum thickness of wall....................................................................................................
- 8.1.3 Minimum area of wall............................................................................................................
- 8.1.4 Bonding of masonry ...............................................................................................................
- 8.1.5 Mortar joints...........................................................................................................................
- 8.1.6 Bearings under concentrated loads ......................................................................................
- 8.2 Reinforcement details ............................................................................................................
- 8.2.1 General ....................................................................................................................................
- 8.2.2 Cover to reinforcing steel ......................................................................................................
- 8.2.3 Minimum area of reinforcement...........................................................................................
- 8.2.4 Size of reinforcing steel ..........................................................................................................
- 8.2.5 Anchorage and laps................................................................................................................
- 8.2.6 Restraint of compression reinforcing steel...........................................................................
- 8.2.7 Spacing of reinforcing steel ...................................................................................................
- 8.3 Prestressing details.................................................................................................................
- 8.4 Confined masonry details ......................................................................................................
- 8.5 Connection of walls ................................................................................................................
- 8.5.1 Connection of walls to floors and roofs ................................................................................
- 8.5.2 Connection between walls......................................................................................................
- 8.6 Chases and recesses on walls ...............................................................................................
- 8.6.1 General ..................................................................................................................................
- 8.6.2 Vertical chases and recesses ................................................................................................
- 8.6.3 Horizontal and inclined chases............................................................................................
- 8.7 Damp proof courses .............................................................................................................
- 8.8 Thermal and long term movement .....................................................................................
- 9 Execution...............................................................................................................................
- 9.1 General ..................................................................................................................................
- 9.2 Design of structural members .............................................................................................
- 9.3 Loading of masonry .............................................................................................................
- Annex A (informative) Consideration of partial factors relating to Execution.........................
- Annex B (informative) Method for calculating the eccentricity of a stability core...................
- of loading on walls ................................................................................................................ Annex C (informative) A simplified method for calculating the out-of-plane eccentricity
- Annex D (informative) Determination of ρ 3 and ρ 4 .....................................................................
- wall panels of thickness less than or equal to 250 mm...................................................... Annex E (informative) Bending moment coefficients, α 1 , in single leaf laterally loaded
Foreword
This document EN 1996-1-1 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010.
CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
This document supersedes ENV 1996-1-1:1995 and ENV 1996-1-3:1998.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Background to the Eurocode programme
In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on Article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications.
Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them.
For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980’s.
In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement 1)^ between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European standards (e. g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).
- Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).
The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
EN 1990, Eurocode: Basis of structural design.
EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures.
EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.
EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.
EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance.
EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium struc tures.
Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.
Status and field of application of Eurocodes
The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes:
⎯ as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 ⎯ Mechanical resistance and stability ⎯ and Essential Requirement N°2 ⎯ Safety in case of fire;
⎯ as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services;
⎯ as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs).
The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents 2)^ referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3). Therefore, technical aspects arising from the
According to Article 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for the creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs.
According to Article 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall : a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels for each requirement where necessary ; b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e. g. methods of calculation
Part 1-1: General - Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry
NOTE This Part combines ENV 1996-1-1 and ENV 1996-1-3.
Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design.
Part 2: Design considerations, selection of materials and execution of masonry.
Part 3: Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures
EN 1996-1-1 describes the Principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of masonry structures. It is based on the limit state concept used in conjunction with a partial factor method.
For the design of new structures, EN 1996-1-1 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with ENs 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998 and 1999.
EN 1996-1-1 is intended for use by:
⎯ committees drafting standards for structural design and related products, testing and execution standards;
⎯ clients (e. g. for the formulation of their specific requirements on reliability levels and durability);
⎯ designers and contractors;
⎯ relevant authorities.
National Annex for EN 1996-1-
This standard gives some symbols and some alternative methods for which a National value or choice needs to be given; notes under the relevant clauses indicate where national choices may have to be made. The National Standard implementing EN 1996-1-1 in a particular country should have a National Annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in that country.
National choice is allowed in EN 1996-1-1 through clauses:
⎯ 2.4.3(1)P Ultimate limit states;
⎯ 2.4.4(1) Serviceability limit states;
⎯ 3.2.2(1) Specification of masonry mortar;
⎯ 3.6.1.2(1) Characteristic compressive strength of masonry other than shell bedded;
⎯ 3.6.2(3), (4) and (6) Characteristic shear strength of masonry;
⎯ 3.6.3(3) Characteristic flexural strength of masonry;
⎯ 3.7.2(2) Modulus of elasticity;
⎯ 3.7.4(2) Creep, moisture expansion or shrinkage and thermal expansion;
⎯ 4.3.3(3) and (4) Reinforcing steel;
⎯ 5.5.1.3(3) Effective thickness of masonry walls;
⎯ 6.1.2.2(2) Slenderness ratio λc below which creep may be ignored;
⎯ 8.1.2 (2) Minimum thickness of wall;
⎯ 8.5.2.2(2) Cavity walls;
⎯ 8.5.2.3(2) Double-leaf walls.
⎯ 8.6.2 (1) Vertical chases and recesses;
⎯ 8.6.3 (1) Horizontal and inclined chases
Section 1 General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 6
(1)P Eurocode 6 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works, or parts thereof, in unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry.
(2)P Eurocode 6 deals only with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures. Other requirements, for example, concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
(3)P Execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions made in the design rules.
(4)P Eurocode 6 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to such requirements are given in Eurocode 8 which complements, and is consistent with Eurocode 6.
(5)P Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account in the design are not given in Eurocode 6. They are provided in Eurocode 1.
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 6
(1)P The basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of Eurocode 6, which deals with unreinforced masonry and reinforced masonry where the reinforcement is added to provide ductility, strength or improve serviceability. The principles of the design of prestressed masonry and confined masonry are given, but application rules are not provided. This Part is not valid for masonry with a plan area of less than 0,04 m^2.
⎯ Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonry.
⎯ Part 3: Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures.
1.2 Normative references
1.2.1 General
(1)P This European standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
1.2.2 Reference standards
The following standards are referenced in this EN 1996-1-1:
⎯ EN 206-1, Concrete ⎯ Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity ;
⎯ EN 771-1, Specification for masonry units ⎯ Part 1: Clay masonry units;
⎯ EN 771-2, Specification for masonry units ⎯ Part 2: Calcium silicate masonry units ;
⎯ EN 771-3, Specification for masonry units ⎯ Part 3: Aggregate concrete masonry units (Dense
and light-weight aggregates);
⎯ EN 771-4, Specification for masonry units ⎯ Part 4: Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry
units ;
⎯ EN 771-5, Specification for masonry units ⎯ Part 5: Manufactured stone masonry units;
⎯ EN 771-6, Specification for masonry units ⎯ Part 6: Natural stone masonry units ;
⎯ EN 772-1, Methods of test for masonry units ⎯ Part 1: Determination of compressive strength ;
⎯ EN 845-1, Specification for ancillary components for masonry ⎯ Part 1: Ties, tension straps,
hangers and brackets ;
⎯ EN 845-2, Specification for ancillary components for masonry ⎯ Part 2: Lintels ;
⎯ EN 845-3, Specification for ancillary components for masonry ⎯ Part 3: Bed joint
reinforcement of steel meshwork ;
⎯ EN 846-2, Methods of test for ancillary components for masonry ⎯ Part 2: Determination of
bond strength of prefabricated bed joint reinforcement in mortar joints ;
⎯ EN 998-1, Specification for mortar for masonry ⎯ Part 1: Rendering and plastering mortar ;
⎯ EN 998-2, Specification for mortar for masonry ⎯ Part 2: Masonry mortar ;
⎯ EN 1015-11, Methods of test for mortar for masonry ⎯ Part 11: Determination of flexural and
compressive strength of hardened mortar ;
⎯ EN 1052-1, Methods of test for masonry ⎯ Part 1: Determination of compressive strength ;
⎯ EN 1052-2, Methods of test for masonry ⎯ Part 2: Determination of flexural strength ;
⎯ EN 1052-3, Methods of test for masonry ⎯ Part 3: Determination of initial shear strength ;
⎯ EN 1052-4, Methods of test for masonry ⎯ Part 4: Determination of shear strength including
damp proof course ;
⎯ EN 1052-5, Methods of test for masonry ⎯ Part 5: Determination of bond strength by bond
wrench method;
⎯ EN 1990, Basis of structural design ;
⎯ EN 1991, Actions on structures ;
⎯ EN 1992, Design of concrete structures ;
⎯ EN 1993, Design of steel structures ;
⎯ EN 1994, Design of composite steel and concrete structures ;
⎯ EN 1995, Design of timber structures ;
⎯ EN 1996-2, Design, selection of materials and execution of masonry ;
⎯ EN 1997, Geotechnical design ;
⎯ EN 1999, Design of aluminium structures ;
⎯ EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable reinforcing steel;
⎯ prEN 10138, Prestressing steels;
⎯ EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles ⎯ Specifications
and test methods.
1.3 Assumptions
(1)P The assumptions given in 1.3 of EN 1990:2002 apply to this EN 1996-1-1.
1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules
(1)P The rules in 1.4 of EN 1990:2002 apply to this EN 1996-1-1.
shear strength of masonry the strength of masonry subjected to shear forces
1.5.3. flexural strength of masonry the strength of masonry in bending
1.5.3. anchorage bond strength the bond strength, per unit surface area, between reinforcement and concrete or mortar, when the reinforcement is subjected to tensile or compressive forces
1.5.3. adhesion the effect of mortar developing a tensile and shear resistance at the contact surface of masonry units
1.5.4 Terms relating to masonry units
1.5.4. masonry unit a preformed component, intended for use in masonry construction
1.5.4. groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 masonry units group designations for masonry units, according to the percentage size and orientation of holes in the units when laid
1.5.4. bed face the top or bottom surface of a masonry unit when laid as intended
1.5.4. frog a depression, formed during manufacture, in one or both bed faces of a masonry unit
1.5.4. hole a formed void which may or may not pass completely through a masonry unit
1.5.4. griphole a formed void in a masonry unit to enable it to be more readily grasped and lifted with one or both hands or by machine
1.5.4. web the solid material between the holes in a masonry unit
shell the peripheral material between a hole and the face of a masonry unit
1.5.4. gross area the area of a cross-section through the unit without reduction for the area of holes, voids and re-entrants
1.5.4. compressive strength of masonry units the mean compressive strength of a specified number of masonry units (see EN 771-1 to EN 771-6)
1.5.4. normalized compressive strength of masonry units the compressive strength of masonry units converted to the air dried compressive strength of an equivalent 100 mm wide x 100 mm high masonry unit (see EN 771-1 to EN 771-6)
1.5.5 Terms relating to mortar
1.5.5. masonry mortar mixture of one or more inorganic binders, aggregates and water, and sometimes additions and/or admixtures, for bedding, jointing and pointing of masonry
1.5.5. general purpose masonry mortar masonry mortar without special characteristics
1.5.5. thin layer masonry mortar designed masonry mortar with a maximum aggregate size less than or equal to a prescribed figure
NOTE see note in 3.6.1.2 (2)
1.5.5. lightweight masonry mortar designed masonry mortar with a dry hardened density below a prescribed figure according to EN 998-
1.5.5. designed masonry mortar a mortar whose composition and manufacturing method is chosen in order to achieve specified properties (performance concept)
1.5.5. prescribed masonry mortar mortar made in predetermined proportions, the properties of which are assumed from the stated proportions of the constituents (recipe concept)
1.5.5. factory made masonry mortar mortar batched and mixed in a factory
wall tie a device for connecting one leaf of a cavity wall across a cavity to another leaf or to a framed structure or backing wall
1.5.8. strap a device for connecting masonry members to other adjacent components, such as floors and roofs
1.5.9 Terms relating to mortar joints
1.5.9. bed joint a mortar layer between the bed faces of masonry units
1.5.9. perpend joint (head joint) a mortar joint perpendicular to the bed joint and to the face of wall
1.5.9. longitudinal joint a vertical mortar joint within the thickness of a wall, parallel to the face of the wall
1.5.9. thin layer joint a joint made with thin layer mortar
1.5.9. jointing the process of finishing a mortar joint as the work proceeds
1.5.9. pointing the process of filling and finishing mortar joints where the surface of the joint has been raked out or left open for pointing
1.5.10 Terms relating to wall types
1.5.10. load-bearing wall a wall primarily designed to carry an imposed load in addition to its own weight
1.5.10. single-leaf wall a wall without a cavity or continuous vertical joint in its plane
1.5.10. cavity wall a wall consisting of two parallel single-leaf walls, effectively tied together with wall ties or bed joint reinforcement. The space between the leaves is left as a continuous cavity or filled or partially filled with non-loadbearing thermal insulating material
NOTE A wall consisting of two leaves separated by a cavity, where one of the leaves is not contributing to the strength or stiffness of the other (possibly loadbearing) leaf, is to be regarded as a veneer wall.
1.5.10. double-leaf wall a wall consisting of two parallel leaves with the longitudinal joint between filled solidly with mortar and securely tied together with wall ties so as to result in common action under load
1.5.10. grouted cavity wall a wall consisting of two parallel leaves with the cavity filled with concrete or grout and securely tied together with wall ties or bed joint reinforcement so as to result in common action under load
1.5.10. faced wall a wall with facing units bonded to backing units so as to result in common action under load
1.5.10. shell bedded wall a wall in which the masonry units are bedded on two or more strips of mortar two of which are at the outside edges of the bed face of the units
1.5.10. veneer wall a wall used as a facing but not bonded or contributing to the strength of the backing wall or framed structure
1.5.10. shear wall a wall to resist lateral forces in its plane
1.5.10. stiffening wall a wall set perpendicular to another wall to give it support against lateral forces or to resist buckling and so to provide stability to the building
1.5.10. non-loadbearing wall a wall not considered to resist forces such that it can be removed without prejudicing the remaining integrity of the structure
1.5.11 Miscellaneous terms
1.5.11. chase channel formed in masonry
1.5.11. recess indentation formed in the face of a wall
