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Barack OBama



Barack OBama

A Biography

Joann F. Price

greenwood Press westPort, ConneCtiCut • London

greenwood biographies

v

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Prce, Joann F. Barack Obama : a bography / Joann F. Prce. p. cm. — (Greenwood bographes, ISSN 1540–4900) Includes bblographcal references and ndex. ISBN: 978–0–313–34488–6 (alk. paper) 1. Obama, Barack.

2. Presdental canddates—Unted States—Bography. 3. Afrcan Amercan legslators—Unted States—Bography. 4. Legslators— Unted States—Bography. 5. Unted States. Congress. Senate— Bography. 6. Unted States—Poltcs and government—2001–
3. Illnos—Poltcs and government—1951– I. Ttle. E901.1.O23P75 2008 328.73092—dc [B] 2008006578

Brtsh Lbrary Catalogung n Publcaton Data s avalable.

Copyrght © 2008 by Joann F. Prce

All rghts reserved. No porton of ths book may be reproduced, by any process or technque, wthout the express wrtten consent of the publsher.

Lbrary of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008006578

ISBN: 978–0–313–34488– ISSN: 1540–

Frst publshed n 2008

Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An mprnt of Greenwood Publshng Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com

Prnted n the Unted States of Amerca

The paper used n ths book comples wth the Permanent Paper Standard ssued by the Natonal Informaton Standards Organzaton (Z39.48–1984).

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

v

cOntents

Series Foreword x

Introduction x

Timeline: Events Significant to the Life of Barack Obama x

Chapter 1 Famly Hstory 1

Chapter 2 Formatve Years n Hawa and Indonesa 17

Chapter 3 College and Communty Actvsm n Chcago 29

Chapter 4 A Trp to Kenya and Harvard Law School 41

Chapter 5 Teachng Consttutonal Law, Marrage, Famly, and Illnos State Poltcs 51

Chapter 6 The Senator from the State of Illnos 65

Chapter 7 Best-sellng Author, Mchelle Obama, and Another Trp to Afrca 77

Chapter 8 Obamamana, an Exploratory Commttee, and the Announcement 85

Chapter 9 The Campagn for the Presdency 97

Chapter 10 The Campagn Contnues 111

Epilogue 119

Bibliography 133

Index 139

Photo essay follows page 64

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series FOrewOrd

In response to hgh school and publc lbrary needs, Greenwood devel- oped ths dstngushed seres of full-length bographes specfcally for student use. Prepared by feld experts and professonals, these engagng bographes are talored for hgh school students who need challengng yet accessble bographes. Ideal for secondary school assgnments, the length, format, and subject areas are desgned to meet educators’ requrements and students’ nterests. Greenwood offers an extensve selecton of bographes spannng all currculum-related subject areas ncludng socal studes, the scences, lterature and the arts, hstory and poltcs, as well as popular culture, coverng publc fgures and famous personaltes from all tme perods and backgrounds, both hstorc and contemporary, who have made an mpact on Amercan and/or world culture. Greenwood bographes were chosen based on comprehensve feedback from lbrarans and educators. Con- sderaton was gven to both currculum relevance and nherent nterest. The result s an ntrgung mx of the well known and the unexpected, the sants and snners from long-ago hstory and contemporary pop culture. Readers wll fnd a wde array of subject choces from fascnatng crme fgures lke Al Capone to nsprng poneers lke Margaret Mead, from the greatest mnds of our tme lke Stephen Hawkng to the most amazng success stores of our day lke J. K. Rowlng. Whle the emphass s on fact, not glorfcaton, the books are meant to be fun to read. Each volume provdes n-depth nformaton about the subject’s lfe from brth through chldhood, the teen years, and adulthood.

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intrOductiOn

In no other country on earth s my story even possble. —Barack Obama, July 27, 2004

On July 27, 2004, Illnos State Senator Barack Obama delvered the key- note speech at the Democratc Natonal Conventon. He sad, “Tonght s a partcular honor for me because, let’s face t, my presence on ths stage s pretty unlkely.” When he fnshed hs speech, the audence that lstened wth rapt attenton exctedly waved ther arms, hats, and sgns, thrlled wth what they had just heard. Afterward, those watchng on televson sad that they had stood and cheered, many admttng they danced. Some wondered what had just happened. For many Democrats, the speech was electrfyng and nsprng; for them, t was a joyful tme. And those from the other sde of the poltcal asle who watched and lstened had to agree: ths fresh face, ths poltco, unknown to nearly everyone n the coun- try outsde of hs home state of Illnos, had just delvered a remarkable speech. Many asked, who s ths man and where dd he come from? They asked why he was selected to delver such an mportant speech at the Democratc Natonal Conventon at a tme descrbed by many as a very contentous tme n U.S. poltcs. In the speech that evenng—a speech that he wrote hmself and de- lvered wthout the use of a teleprompter—Barack Obama ntroduced hmself by frst descrbng hs father, born and rased n a small vllage n Kenya, and hs paternal grandfather, a cook and domestc servant who, he sad, had bg dreams for hs son. He told the mmense crowd that hs father, through hard work and perseverance, earned a scholarshp to study

n a magcal place called Amerca, whch to hs Kenyan countrymen was a place of freedom and opportunty. Barack told the excted crowd that July evenng that hs maternal grandfather worked on ol rgs and farms dur- ng the Depresson and, just after Pearl Harbor, joned the army, and that hs grandmother, whle rasng ther baby, worked on a bomber assembly lne durng the war. He descrbed how hs grandparents moved west from Kansas, seekng opportuntes, ultmately movng to Hawa. They too, he sad, had bg dreams for ther daughter. He sad hs parents met whle studyng at the Unversty of Hawa and that they shared not only an m- probable love, but also an abdng fath n the possbltes of ths naton. Barack sad that ths country’s prde s based on a smple premse, summed up n the Declaraton of Independence, as “the true genus of Amerca, a fath n the smple dreams of ts people, the nsstence on small mracles.” The speech that evenng undenably catapulted ths state senator from Illnos onto the natonal poltcal scene. If Amercans hadn’t heard of hm before, they certanly knew about hm now. Barack Obama says that hs story could take place only n Amerca. He often adds that, lke hs parents and grandparents, anyone can acheve success through hard work and scholarshp. Hs story s flled wth good fortune, hard work, and a very good educaton. It s also a story of dver- sty of hertage that he s proud of—that s, after he came to understand and accept t. In the Unted States, many poltcal leaders throughout hstory have come from powerful famles. For Barack Obama, ths s far from the truth. Hs upbrngng was n humble crcumstances, and, whle he doesn’t ft any typcal poltcal mold, he s already consdered by many to be one of the most dynamc fgures n U.S. poltcs. Hs oratory sklls, drect style, and ablty to communcate are often compared wth those of Abraham Lncoln, John F. Kennedy, and Robert Kennedy. Barack Obama s truly a rsng poltcal star n the Unted States. Wth an Afrcan frst name that means “blessed,” hs name s often mspro- nounced and sometmes rdculed. However seemngly blessed, he states that he s meant to serve and to lead, and perhaps someday be presdent of the Unted States.

x INTRODUCTION

xv BARACK OBAMA

1959 Barack’s grandparents, Stanley “Gramps” and Madelyn “Toots” Dunham, and ther daughter, Stanley Ann Dun- ham, Barack’s mother, move to Hawa. Ann Dunham, after beng accepted by the Unversty of Chcago, decdes to enroll at the Unversty of Hawa. She s 18 years old. Barack Obama Sr. leaves Kenya to attend the Unversty of Hawa at the age of 23. Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr. meet as students at the Unversty of Hawa. They are soon marred. 1960 September 26—The frst Nxon-Kennedy debate s tele- vsed. 1961 May 4—Cvl rghts actvsts known as the Freedom Rders rde nterstate busses nto the segregated South; they are subsequently arrested for trespassng and unlawful assem- bly and are met wth fre bombs and rots. Many suffer at the hands of racsts. August 4—Barack Hussen Obama s born n Hawa. 1963 Barack Obama Sr. accepts a scholarshp to attend Harvard Unversty. Ann and Barack stay n Hawa. Barack Obama Sr. leaves the Unted States to return to Kenya. He and Ann Dunham Obama are dvorced. August 28—Reverend Martn Luther Kng Jr. delvers hs “I have a dream” speech n Washngton, DC. November 22—Presdent John F. Kennedy s assassnated. 1964 January 17—Mchelle Robnson (Obama) s born. July 2—Presdent Johnson sgns the Cvl Rghts Act nto law. October 14—Reverend Martn Luther Kng Jr. wns the Nobel Peace Prze for hs work promotng human rghts. 1965 March 7—In what later s known as Bloody Sunday, state and local polce attack 600 cvl rghts marchers wth clubs and tear gas n Selma, Alabama. March 21—Reverend Martn Luther Kng Jr. leads a cvl rghts march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Al- abama. July 28—Presdent Johnson commts 50,000 more troops to the conflct n Vetnam, takng the U. S. force to a total of 125,000. August 6—Presdent Johnson sgns legslaton to enact the Votng Rghts Act.

xv TIMELINE

1967 Ann Dunham Obama marres Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesan student attendng the Unversty of Hawa. Lolo leaves Hawa for Indonesa; Ann makes plans for her and Barack to follow. Barack leaves Hawa to move to Jakarta, Indonesa, wth hs mother and hs stepfather. Barack’s half sster Maya s born n Indonesa. 1968 Aprl 4—Reverend Martn Luther Kng Jr. s assassnated. June 6—Senator Robert F. Kennedy s assassnated. August 28—Antwar protestors demonstrate at the Demo- cratc conventon n Chcago. 1969 November 16—An estmated 250,000 people gather n Washngton, D.C., to protest the Vetnam War. 1 1970 June 22—Presdent Rchard Nxon sgns an extenson of the Votng Rghts Act that lowers the votng age to 18. Known as the 26th Amendment to the Consttuton, t s ratfied on July 1, 1971. 1971 Barack leaves Indonesa to lve wth hs grandparents n Hawa. Ann and Barack’s half sster Maya stay n Indone- sa. He s 10 years old. Fall—As a ffth grader, Barack attends the prestgous prep school Punahou Academy. Barack Obama Sr., recuperatng from a serous car acc- dent, vsts Barack n Hawa. Barack was two when hs father left Hawa for Harvard Law School. 1979 Barack’s paternal grandfather, Hussen Onyango Obama, des n Kenya. Barack graduates from Punahou Academy. After beng accepted by several schools, he enrolls n Occdental Col- lege n Los Angeles. Havng always been called Barry by frends and famly, he s now called Barack, whch means “blessed” n Arabc. 1980 As a sophomore, Barack gets nvolved wth a South Afr- can dvestment campagn on campus and gves hs frst speech at a rally. 1981 August—Barack, now 20 years old, transfers from Occ- dental College to Columba Unversty n New York Cty. 1982 Barack receves a call from Narob, Kenya. It s hs Aunt Jane, whom he has never met, tellng hm that hs father has been klled n a car accdent. Barack s 21 years old.

TIMELINE xv

Mchelle Obama jons the Chcago Offce of Publc Alles, a program that asssts young people to fnd employment n publc servce. February 26—A bomb explodes n the World Trade Cen- ter n New York. 1995 Barack publshes hs frst book, Dreams from My Father. 1996 Barack s elected to the Illnos State Senate as a Democrat representng the Illnos 13th legslatve dstrct. 1997 January—State Senator Barack Obama arrves n Sprng- feld, Illnos, to serve hs consttuency from the South Sde of Chcago. 1998 Barack and Mchelle’s frst daughter, Mala, s born. 2000 Barack enters the race for the U.S. House of Represen- tatves aganst the four-term ncumbent Bobby Rush. He loses by a two-to-one margn. George W. Bush s elected presdent. 2001 Barack and Mchelle’s second daughter, Sasha, s born. September 11—Often referred to as 9/11, al Qaeda launches a seres of coordnated sucde attacks n New York, Washngton, DC, and Pennsylvana. 2002 Mdyear—Barack announces to hs frends hs decson to run for the U.S. Senate. Fall—A majorty of Amercans are convnced that Sad- dam Hussen has weapons of mass destructon and s per- sonally nvolved n the 9/11 attacks. October—The Senate votes to gve Presdent George W. Bush the power to go to war n Iraq. October 2—Barack speaks to a crowd of antwar actvsts, statng hs opposton to the war. 2004 March 16—Barack wns the prmary electon for the U.S. Senate wth 53 percent of the vote. He would face Repub- lcan Alan Keyes n the general electon. July 27—Barack delvers the keynote speech at the Demo- cratc Natonal Conventon n Boston, Massachusetts. The speech lasts approxmately 15 mnutes. Wth a margn of vctory of 70 percent over Alan Keyes’s 27 percent, Barack s elected to the U.S. Senate. He s the only Afrcan Amercan n the U.S. Senate and the fifth Afrcan Amercan n U.S. hstory. December—Barack sgns a contract for three more books, ncludng a chldren’s book to be wrtten wth Mchelle.

TIMELINE xv

2005 January 4—Barack s sworn n as a member of the 109th Congress of the Unted States. Shortly after hs swearng n as the junor senator from Ill- nos, Barack and hs team begn makng plans for a 15-day trp to Afrca. Upon hs return from Afrca, plans begn n earnest about a run for the presdency n the 2008 electon. Barack s one of two freshmen senators on the powerful Senate Foregn Relatons Commttee. August—Barack travels to Russa wth Republcan Sena- tor Rchard Lugar and others to nspect nuclear and bo- logcal weapons stes. He then cosponsors a bll that wll reduce the stockples of these types of weapons. August—Hurrcane Katrna devastates the southern coastal regons of the Unted States. Barack speaks out about poverty ssues and the government’s handlng of the devastaton. Durng hs frst two years as a senator, Barack travels around the world, studyng nuclear prolferaton, AIDS, and volence n the Mddle East. Speculaton contnues about whether he s consderng a presdental run. 2006 Barack publshes hs second book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. October 22—Barack appears on the NBC televson show Meet the Press, where he tells commentator Tm Russert that t s far to say he s thnkng about runnng for pres- dent n 2008. October 23—Barack appears on the cover of Time maga- zne n an artcle enttled “Why Barack Obama Could Be the Next Presdent.” November—After the Democrats take control of Con- gress n the general electon, dscussons about Barack’s presdental bd take on more urgency, wth Mchelle Obama’s opnon the key to the decson on whether he wll run. December—Mchelle determnes she s on board wth her husband runnng for presdent. December—Barack vsts New Hampshre, an early pres- dental prmary state, and tells an audence that the meda descrbe as “rock-star sze” that Amerca s ready to turn a page and a new generaton s prepared to lead.

xv TIMELINE

July—A Newsweek magazne poll fnds that race s no lon- ger the barrer t once was n electng a presdent. A clear majorty, 59 percent, say that the country s ready to elect an Afrcan Amercan presdent, up from 37 percent at the start of the decade.^5 December—A report by the Pew Research Center fnds that “fewer people are makng judgments about canddates based solely, or even mostly, on race tself.”^6 2008 Barack s consstently consdered to be a front-runner n natonal and state polls, along wth Senator Hllary Clnton and Senator John Edwards. January 3—Barack’s frst test comes at the Iowa caucus. He sals to vctory wth 38 percent of the state delegate vote n a contest that features a record turnout of at least 239,000. The wn gves hs presdental campagn an early and extremely mportant boost.^7 January 8—In the frst presdental prmary for the 2008 electon, New Hampshre’s, the second test for hs cand- dacy, wth polls suggestng an enormous vctory, Barack takes second place behnd Senator Hllary Clnton, wth 36 percent of the vote to Clnton’s 39 percent. 8 January 15—Mchgan holds ts prmary, but the votes do not count as the Democratc Natonal Party strpped the state of ts delegates for volatng Party rules by holdng the prmary too early. Barack had wthdrawn hs name from the ballot; Hllary’s name remaned, but no delegates are awarded. January 19—The campagns move to Nevada for the state’s caucus. More than 117,000 vote, compared to the 9,000 that voted n 2004.^9 Hllary wns the contest wth 51 percent of the vote to Barack’s 45 percent.^10 January 25—South Carolna holds ts prmary. Voters come out n droves to hear Barack’s message. Barack wns 55 percent of the vote, doublng Hllary’s share.^11 January 29—Florda holds ts prmary. As n the Mch- gan prmary the votes do not count and the Democratc Natonal Party strps the delegates for volatng Party rules. Both Barack and Hllary had agreed not to campagn n the state, however Hllary had held fund-rasng events there. No delegates are awarded. February 5—Known as Super Tuesday, 22 states hold ether a prmary or a caucus. In all, there are more than

xx TIMELINE

TIMELINE xx

2,000 delegates at stake ncludng the delegate-rch states of Calforna wth 441, Illnos wth 185, and New York wth 281. When all the votes are counted, Barack wns 13 ndvdual states, ncludng hs home state of Illnos; Hllary wns 8 states, ncludng her adopted home state of New York. The popular vote from Super Tuesday makes t a very close race. Clnton wns 7,427,700 popular votes, or 50.20 percent; Obama wns 7,369,709 popular votes, or 49.80 percent.^12 February 9—The states of Nebraska, Washngton, Lou- sana, and the Vrgn Islands hold contests where excte- ment s hgh and the turnout s record-breakng. Wth a total of 203 delegates at stake, Barack wns all four states. February 10—Mane holds ts caucus wth 34 delegates at stake. Barack wns 59 percent of the vote; Hllary wns 40 percent.^13 February 12—Known as the Potomac Prmares, Wash- ngton, D.C., Maryland, and Vrgna hold ther prmares for a total of 240 delegates. Barack sweeps all three states wnnng 75 percent of the vote to Hllary’s 24 percent n Washngton, D.C.; n Maryland, Barack wns 60 percent to Hllary’s 37 percent; and n Vrgna, Barack wns 64 percent to Hllary’s 35 percent. 14 February 19—The campagns move to Wsconsn for a pr- mary wth 121 delegates at stake, and to Hawa wth 20 delegates. To no one’s surprse, Barack carres Hawa wth 76 percent of the vote. In Wsconsn, Barack wns 58 per- cent to Hllary’s 41 percent. 15 March 4—Another Tuesday rch wth delegates: Texas, Oho, Vermont, and Rhode Island hold contests. Hllary s favored to wn n Texas wth 193 delegates and Oho wth 141 delegates. When all votes are counted, Barack wns Vermont by 30 ponts, and Hllary wns the other three states.^16 March 8—Wth 18 total delegates, Wyomng holds ts pr- mary. Barack wns 61 percent to Hllary’s 38 percent. 17 March 11—Msssspp holds ts prmary wth 40 delegates at stake. Barack wns 61 percent to Hllary’s 37 percent.^18 Both campagns prepare for the next prmary, n Pennsyl- vana on Aprl 22, 2008, where they wll ve for 188 del- egates. The prmary calendar ncludes contests n Guam on May 3, Indana and North Carolna on May 6, West