GRamars modals en ingles, Esquemas y mapas conceptuales de Literatura inglesa

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Modals

Esperanza Teran

CONTENTS

Modals

Modals

for

obligation

No

Obligation

Modals

for

Permition

and

Prohibition

In the Past

Tense

More about

it

Modals for Obligation

Must shows obligation. It often shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker (or the

authority that wrote the sentence. We use it specially to describe rules or to give an order.

e.g.

The wind is very strong, so Joe and his family must go down into the room under the ground.

You mustn’t interrupt.

Have to shows us that the obligation comes from outside the speaker. We sometimes call

this “external obligation”.

e.g.

When people work here, they have to wear googles to protect their eyes.

In closed areas at school, students have to use a face mask.

Helen has to wear uniform at work.

No obligation

If we want to show that there is no obligation, You can do something if you

want to but it's not forced. We can use not have to or needn’t.

e.g.

Joe and his family needn't stay under the ground now, because the wind has

stopped.

Joe and his family don’t have to stay under the ground now, because the

wind has stopped.

We needn´t go to the bank, we can transfer money on line.

We don’t have to go to the bank, we can transfer money on line.

Modals for Permission and

Prohibition

We use can't and mustn't to show that something is prohibited – it is not allowed.

We use can't to talk about something that is against the rules, particularly when we didn't make the

rules.

e.g.

We can’t park here.

People can’t take photos at a museum.

• We use must not to talk about what is not permitted. It is common on public signs and notices

informing people of rules and laws.

e.g.

• People must not park in this place.

You mustn’t ride a bike on this road

We mustn’t drive at high speed on this avenue.

More about it and exercises

• Go to this site and find more information about it. You

can do some exercises.

• https://continuingstudies.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/gra

mmar/330-modals-necessity