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Information on various molecular shapes, their corresponding coordination numbers, and the number of lone and bonding electron pairs. Examples include tetrahedral, pyramidal, trigonal bipyramid, and octahedral shapes, with molecules such as xef4, nh3, and h2o. The document also mentions diatomic molecules, sulfur rings, phosphorus allotropes, and boron icosahedra.
What you will learn
Typology: Exercises
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109
o
XeF
4
, ICl
4
o
4 2 Square planar
3
o
3
o
), ClO
3
3 1 Pyramidal
4
4
, ClO
4
4 0 Tetrahedral
3
3
Trigonal planar 3 0
2
o
2
o
), ClO
2
bent (non-linear,
V-shaped)
Cl-Be-Cl
linear 2 0
Number of pairs of Shape of Molecule Examples
lone (non-
bonding) electrons
Number of
bonding sets of
electrons (bonding
electron pairs and
multiple bonds)
o
o
o
<
o
107
o
Xe
6
, [Al(H
2
6
3+
All bond angles
o
Octahedral 6 0
PCl
5
o
o
Trigonal )
bipyramid
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
N.B. Additional lines used to construct the geometric shape do not represent
bonds, the bonds of some of the shapes are shown below:
Tetrahedral
Pyramidal
Trigonal bipyramid
Octahedral
The number of atoms surrounding the central atom is the coordination number,
e.g. 4 for tetrahedral, 3 for pyramidal, 5 for pentagonal bipyramid and 6 for
octahedral.
Note all molecules consist of peripheral atoms bonded to a central atom!
Diatomic molecules consist of two atoms only, e.g. H-H, F-F, O=O, N≡N. Sulphur
usually forms S
8
rings (puckered rings), the white allotrope of phosphorus forms
4
triangular pyramids which are linked in chains in the red phosphorus allotrope.
Other molecules form chains (e.g. BeCl
2
), sheets or giant molecular lattices (e.g.
diamond). Boron forms B
12
icosahedra (20 equal triangular sides) with a B atom
at each vertex and these are then linked together in various ways.
