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WSET DIPLOMA D1 EXAM ACTUAL EXAM | ALL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | LATEST
EXAM
What is the temperature range for a mid-range ferment? what type of wine does it produce? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ 17 - 25C
- easy-drinking fruity reds, lower tannin; less fruity whites, barrel fermented whites What is the temperature range for a warm ferment? what type of wine does it produce? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ 26 - 32C
- powerful reds; high tannin & color extraction What are the ideal temperature range and pH range for ML? --------- CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 18 - 22C 3.3-3. How can ML be prevented? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ Temperature <15C
- moderate SO
- low pH
- lysozyme
- filtration What are the results of ML? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ higher pH
- some color loss in red wines
- increase in microbial stability
- flavor modification (some loss of fruit, addition of buttery aroma, increase in VA) What are some post-fermentation adjustments that can be made? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ removal of alcohol (reverse osmosis, spinning cone - also removes VA)
- color adjustment What are the benefits of bulk storage? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------- sales flexibility
- space saving
- keeps labels from getting messed up Most important North American grape species ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris Four main sections of a grape vine ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --the main shoots, one-year-old wood, permanent wood and the roots What comprises the canopy of a vine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------The main shoots and all of their major structures - stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape bunches What do the main shoots grow from, and when? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The main shoots on the vine grow in spring from buds retained from the previous year
How can oxygen be limited in must or wine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------- no ullage
- inert gases
- SO
- impermeable containers
- cool, constant T How can oxygen be increased in must or wine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ cap management techniques
- small wooden barrels
- racking/lees stirring during aging
- ullage
- pumping oxygen through must What are the gas, liquid, and solid forms of sulfur? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ SO
- potassium metabisulfite
- potassium bisulfite What is SO2 max permitted by EU law? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------- red: 160 mg/L
- white: 210 mg/L What affects the SO2 free in must? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---pH (larger [ ] at lower pH) ?? What are two options for chilling grapes at reception? when is each used? - --------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ refrigerator (whole cluster)
- heat exchanger (berries)
What is enrichment? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ adding dry sugar, must, grape concentrate, RCGM
- concentration (reverse osmosis, vacuum extraction, chilling) What determines the permitted level of enrichment, acidification, and deacidification in the EU? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------wine regions are split into zones based on climate What are types of must adjustments made? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------- enrichment
- reducing alcohol
- acidification
- deacidification Why is acidification generally preferred pre-fermentation? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ to benefit from the effects of a lower pH
- winemakers believe acidity added at this stage integrates better within the profile of the wine as a whole How is deacidification achieved? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- adding calcium carbonate (chalk) or potassium carbonate What does yeast fermentation produce? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------- ethanol
- CO
- heat
- VA
When is leaf fall and dormancy? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Nov-March When is budburst? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------March-April When is shoot and leaf growth? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- March-July When is flowering and fruit set? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- May-June When is grape development? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- June-Oct When is harvest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sept-Oct How does the vine support itself during dormancy? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------starch in the roots, trunk, and branches Below what temp can vines be severly damaged? die? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------15C, - 25C
What factors determine the timing of budburst? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ air temp (>10C)
- soil temp (higher encourages earlier budburst)
- variety
- human factors (e.g. winter pruning late - > later budburst) Why is high continentality good for budburst? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------marked differences in temp can result in uniform budburst what determines the vigor of a vine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----rate of shoot growth when does the fastest rate of shoot growth typically occur? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------between budburst and flowering what could cause low carb levels in roots, trunk, and branches? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ excessive leaf removal
- water stress
- high crop loads in prev season what can slow initial shoot growth rates? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------low carb levels what supports shoot growth in later stages? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------photosynthesis
what negatively affects pollen tube growth? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------wind, rain, cold temps; wind, water stress, hot temps define coulure ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A condition of the grape bunch in which fruit set has failed for a high proportion of flowers. This occurs when ovule fertilisation is unsuccessful, and therefore no grape develops. what causes coulure? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------imbalance in carb levels due to:
- low photosynthesis rates
- vigorous shoot growth diverting carbs (very fertile soils, vigorous rootstocks) define millerandange ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A condition of the grape bunch in which there is a high proportion of seedless grapes. what causes millerandange? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------cold, wet, windy weather at pollination and fruit set what elements develop in grapes during stage 1 of grape formation and development? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ tartaric and malic
- some aroma compounds and aroma precursors (methoxypyrazines)
- tannins (promoted by sunshine on grapes - sunscreen)
during stage 1 of grape formation and development sugar levels are ______, water flow is _______ & provided by the ________. --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ low
- high
- xylem too much _________ & __________ can prolong stage 1 of grape formation and development because _____________. this can delay _____________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ water
- nitrogen
- these will encourage shoot growth instead
- onset of the ripening stage During stage 1 of grape formation and development, mild water stress can ___________________ and lead to the production of _______________ grapes. ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ speed up this stage
- smaller shoot growth _______________ during stage 1 of grape formation and development. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------continues but slows what is stage 2 of grape formation and development? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------veraison, transition between grape growth and grape ripening what is the lag phase? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------grape growth slows for a few days during veraison
where does sugar come from during ripening? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ sugar solution from phloem (sugars from photosynthesis)
- reduction in water (xylem flow stops, water is transpired through grape skins) Mean temperatures above ____________ in the final month of ripening can lead to a rapid loss of acidity ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------21C (70F) mean temperatures below ____________ can reduce acid loss to a point that acidity levels in the must are too high ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------15°C (59°F) what aromas do terpenes give? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- floral, citrus, grapey Chardonnay shows aromas of _____________ in cool climates and ____________ in warm climates ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ green and citrus fruit
- stone fruit and tropical fruit levels of tannins are __________ at véraison and ____________ slightly throughout ripening because __________________ ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ high
- decrease
- tannins polymerise (this causes them to become less bitter)
anthocyanins increase most rapidly at temps between _______ and _______ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------15C and 25C The length of the ripening stage will depend on: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ variety
- climatic conditions
- vine & vineyard management
- time of harvest what is stage 4 of grape growth and ripening? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------extra ripening what happens during stage 4 of grape growth and ripening? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ No more sugar or water are imported to the grape by the phloem at this stage, but water loss in the grape through grape transpiration means that sugars are concentrated
- Extra-ripe aromas can also develop what is the ideal temp range for fruit set? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ---------- 26 - 32C what factors affect temp and sunshine levels? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ latitude
- altitude (& diurnal range)
- slope, aspect
- proximity to water
- wind
- soil characteristics
- mist, fog, clouds
why do vines need nitrogen? what are the effects of too much/too little? ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER------------------ essential for growth
- component of proteins, chlorophyll
- too much: increased vegetative growth
- too little: yellowing of leaves
- restricted: higher quality grapes why do vines need potassium? what are the effects of too much/too little? -- -------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ essential for growth
- helps regulate water flow
- too much: inhibits uptake of magnesium (lower yield, poor ripening)
- high: high levels in grapes, linked to high pH
- low: low sugar accumulation, reduced yield, poor growth why do vines need phosphorous? what are the effects of too little? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ important for photosynthesis
- low: poorly developed root systems, reduced vine growth, lower yield why do vines need calcium? what are the effects of too little? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ needed for structure of cells, photosynthesis
- low: poor fruit set why do vines need magnesium? what are the effects of too much/too little? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ found in chlorophyll
- low: reduced yield, poor ripening
how does soil pH affect nutrient availability? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Different nutrients become more or less available at different pH levels. For example, iron is poorly available in soils with high pH (e.g. soils with a high proportion of calcium carbonate such as limestone) and this can cause chlorosis. define climate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the annual pattern of temperature, sunlight, rainfall, humidity and wind averaged out over several years (30 years in the timescale generally agreed) define the GDD model ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ For Celsius, subtract 10 (the temperature in Celsius below which vines cannot grow) from the average mean temperature of a month in the growing season. For Fahrenheit, subtract 50 (the temperature in Fahrenheit below which vines cannot grow) from the average mean temperature (in Fahrenheit) of a month in the growing season.
- multiply this by the number of days in that month
- make the same calculation for each month in the growing season (April to October in the Northern Hemisphere, October to April in the Southern Hemisphere) and add together the totals to get the GDD. (Any months with a negative value would not be counted.) define maritime climate & give an example ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------low annual differences between summer and winter temperatures. Rainfall is also relatively evenly spread throughout the year. An example of a maritime region is Bordeaux. define mediterranean climate & give an example ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------low annual differences between summer and winter temperatures. The annual rainfall tends to fall in the winter months, giving dry summers. Examples include Napa Valley and Coonawarra.
This model uses the mean temperature of the whole growing season and, again, these temperatures are grouped into climatic bands ranging from cool to hot. It is very closely correlated to GDD and is easier to calculate. define weather ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------annual variation that happens relative to the climatic average what is integrated pest management also known as? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------lutte raisonee define conventional viticulture ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ mechanization
- chemical inputs
- irrigation
- clonal selection
- typically monoculture define sustainable viticulture ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ promote natural ecosystems
- maintain biodiversity
- manage waste
- minimize chemical inputs
- minimize energy use
- reduce impact of viticulture on environment define organic viticulture ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ improve soil and range of microbes/animals
- reject use of synthetic fertilizers, fungicides, herbicides, and pesticides
- compost
- cover crops
- natural fertilizers
- islands of biodiversity
- sulfur & copper sulfate can be used what is the IFOAM? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
- sets standards for all organic certification bodies what % of European vineyards are farmed organically? what % of organic viticulture takes place in Europe? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 10% 85% what are the advantages of organic viticulture? what are the disadvantages? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ health of vines & soil, disease resistance, reduction of chemical treatments, cost savings on synthetic chemicals
- lower Y, significantly lower Y in difficult years, more reliance on copper sprays, cost and time spent on certification whose work is biodynamic viticulture based on? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Rudolf Steiner & Maria Thun what is Preparation 500? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Horn Manure: cow manure in put into a cow's horn & buried, then dug up and the contents are "dynamised" (stirring the contents of the horn into water (creating a vortex and then reversing it) so that the water memorizes the power of the preparation), then sprayed onto the soil as a homeopathic compost
