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WMST 1 000 TEST GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Ways women have been marginalized in the education system - ANSWER -push to female careers
-constructed as passive and emotional
-men tend to occupy positions of authority
what does it mean by pink softens the disease? - ANSWER -It expresses that breast cancer is a positive, delicate journey when in reality it is far from it
-Horrible pressure on those affected to be positive and beautiful when dealing with the illness
Educating young women reduces - ANSWER fertility rates and infant mortality
educating young women increases - ANSWER likelihood that the next generation are educated, family income and standards of living
the girl effect - ANSWER A 1% increase in female education raises the GDP by 0.3% and raises annual GDP growth rates by 0.2%
What does Rich mean by "claim an education"? - ANSWER assuming you share responsibility for what happens in the classroom, because that affects the quality of your daily life
-ongoing struggle for a real education
what is feminism? - ANSWER the belief that women have been historically
subordinate to men as well as to the commitment to working for freedom for women in all aspects
First Wave - ANSWER largely concerned with better education for women and political representation for women
Second Wave - ANSWER concerned with advancing the social and legal status of women.
-improve representation in media
-advance womens status in the workplace
Third Wave - ANSWER Arguing that eariler feminist forgot to talk about race, class, age and ability in their analyses of oppression
-women empowerment
why dont women want to be labelled a feminist? - ANSWER -viewed as annoying activism (frowned upon)
-man hater
Christina Hoff Sommers - ANSWER women cant have everything as they do not have the choice. Women are forced to choose between a career and a happy family. (expected to quit once they get pregnant)
women's studies classroom - ANSWER -a space of free speech, equality and open opinions.
-encourages learning and growth in a non-sexist and open minded way
The (in)visibility of Gender - ANSWER men are privileged due to their gender, they are defined as the norm or default
interpreted, but within pre-existing systems of meaning
-both symbolic and physical
what does it mean by gender is naturalized? - ANSWER Naturalizing gender through childhood socialization creates gender norms in children's heads that are not natural
what does Laura Mulvey believe? - ANSWER The paradox of phallocentrism in all its manifestations is that it depends on the image of the castrated woman to give order and meaning to its world
The Problem with NO Name (Betty Friedan) - ANSWER widespread unhappiness of women in the 1950s to 1960s
-With housewives there was no recognition that there could be anxieties, pressures or problems (no way to voice concerns)
What is the importance of naming the problem? - ANSWER made the problem visible when it was once invisible
What is sex? - ANSWER a set of biological attributes in humans and animals
What is gender? - ANSWER the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men and gender diverse people
The Beauty Myth (Wolf) - ANSWER our understanding of beauty is not natural
-more pressure to conform to unrealistic social standards of physical beauty
-women do not actually need to participate in these unrealistic standards, they just feel like they have to
How is the beauty myth a weapon? - ANSWER -creates competition
-values youth and devalues age
-lowers women's self-esteem making them easier to control
How does the beauty myth keep women subordinate to men? - ANSWER the pressure for women to spend considerable money, time and effort on beauty is motivated by sexism and a desire to stall women's progress in obtaining equality
Body Image Distortion Syndrome (BIDS) (Bardo) - ANSWER Severely underweight person looking in a mirror and seeing an overweight person in the reflection
Distorted attitudes (Bardo) - ANSWER women interpret themselves and their bodies in a distorted way
-Flawed reasoning or thought about eating food
-Thinness is the only measure of self-worth
-Embarrassment being seen eating
Micheal Foucault - ANSWER the body and sexuality are cultural constructs rather than natural phenomena
-supported gays
what is the significance of 'we other victorians'? - ANSWER What emerged during the 19th century were new institutionalized ways of talking about sex, with new boundries for authority and new inducements to speak
discourse - ANSWER an institutionalized way of speaking or writing about reality
what is the 'ideal' women? - ANSWER thin, young, white and able bodies
-no one can live up to the 'perfect' image
how do ads objectify women? - ANSWER -present them as objects
-only focused on body
-dehumanizes them
-ads normalize violence against women
-men are presented stronger, bigger and powerful
what is the gaze? - ANSWER possessed by men and women are the object of the gaze
how are men viewed in films? - ANSWER protagonist
make things happen
strong, masculine
how are females viewed in films? - ANSWER passive
to be looked at
source of male pleasure
lack of subjectivity
What is phallocentrism? - ANSWER the ideology that the phallus, or male sex organ, is the central element in the organization of the social world
-film is organized around male activity, female is supportive role
what is the standpoint theory? - ANSWER every subject is situated, i.e. has a standpoint, and it is this standpoint that gives every subject a particular set of experiences, only partially overlapping with others
what is intersectionality? (Crenshaw) - ANSWER the way that various axes of domination, oppression and discrimination function in a non-aggregative way
Kimberle Crenshaw - ANSWER Women experiences the world as women differently depending on other axis of identity including class, race, bodily ability and sexual orientation
How are black women's identities erased? - ANSWER disregards their race, or disregards their gender
-labels them as white (gender)
-labels them as male (race)
what are the struggles of trans people? - ANSWER -not welcomed in the community
-have to get illegal surgeries because they are not accepted in medical facilities
Informational Erasure - ANSWER The product of a general lack of research into the health of trans people and therefore a lack of data about their health; there is also a lack of theory by which to interpret data
institutional erasure - ANSWER Reflects a lack of infrastructure, policies and best practices for treating trans people
what is the group "our bodies, ourselves?" - ANSWER formed to help make women's health issues more visible, challenge priorities of medical establishment and help women access required resources
What is wrong with the pink ribbon campaign? - ANSWER marginalizes and silences many women and their experiences with breast cancer
what is caused-based marketing? - ANSWER company aligns itself with a cause that people care about in order to improve their sales
What does Samantha King argue? - ANSWER since the Reagan administration in the 80s, philanthropy has played a key role in fighting social problems
what is philanthropy? - ANSWER the desire to promote the welfare of others, especially by expressing interest through a generous donation to a good cause
what is pink culture? - ANSWER pink typically associated with prettiness, comfort and femininity which is at odds with experience of cancer
what is pink washing? - ANSWER cause-based marketing in breast cancer where companies align themselves as a public relations strategy rather than out of genuine concern
what are recommendations for informational erasure? - ANSWER -Awareness of cisnormative assumptions
-Prioritizing research on trans-specific needs
-Research questions that are community-sensitive
what are recommendations for institutional erasure? - ANSWER -Using appropriate pronouns for gender identity
-Trans-friendly environments through posters or visible signals
what is the tyranny of cheerfulness? - ANSWER narrative that those battling breast cancer ought to be cheerful and positive
-women can fall into deep depression if they dont live up to this norm
-women have achieved
what is substantive equality? - ANSWER equality that goes beyond formal equality (real equality)
-women have not achieved
what is the care deficit? (Ehrenreich and Hochschild) - ANSWER The lifestyle of the First World are made possible by global transfer of the services associated with a wifes traditional role - child care, home making, and sex - from poor countries to rich ones
why is oppression systematic? - ANSWER Some will always be surplus, always find themselves as the other and that this division of people is required and perpetuated by existing relations of power and the institutions that distribute power unequally
what is othering? - ANSWER the process by which we recognize a person different from us as more than an object, but less than a fully-fledged subject
what is the master/slave concept? - ANSWER The master needs the salve and the slave needs the master
-The oppressor can only be oppressor if there is an oppressed
what is the mythical norm? - ANSWER the normal person (white, thin, male, young, straight, Christian and financially secure)
what is prejudice? - ANSWER A preconceived judgement or opinion, usually based on limited information towards a specific group
why is prejudice rarely our fault? - ANSWER the roots of prejudice run too deeply for prejudice to be blamed on one person or even one group
why does Tatum believe POC can't be racist? - ANSWER they do not systematically benefit from racism
active racism - ANSWER blatant, intentional acts of racial bigotry and discrimination
passive racism - ANSWER less obvious, and much more difficult to counteract
what is radicalization? - ANSWER the process by which groups, social practices, or relationships come to have meaning in society
-navigating around one wire means flying into another
What is significant about the bandage image? - ANSWER the ability to find a bandage that more-or-less matches one's skin tone is a privilege that some people have, and others do not
Peggy McIntosh - ANSWER whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, normative, and average, and also ideal
-there are a whole host of resources available to white people that help them to navigate the world more easily, but which are not often noticed or talked about
What is the luxury of obliviousness? (Catherine Crisp) - ANSWER how privileged groups often don't see the oppression around them
-privileged groups generally do not have to know about the adversity of an oppressed group in order to gain access to resources
why is finding awareness difficult? - ANSWER want to see ourselves as fair, and our daily lives are filled with so much struggle and hard work that we do not feel that privileged
-our privilege is hard to conceptualize
-think we are normal not privileged
what is pop culture optimism? - ANSWER the role that pop culture plays in social justice movements, and other forms of political activism and awareness, are overestimated
what is pop culture pessimism? - ANSWER a tendency to think that pop culture is one of the most, if not the most, insidious force in the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes (gender, sexual orientation, age, and bodily ability, etc.)
What is ethnocentrism? - ANSWER an implicit assumption that one's ethnic (or religious, or social, or cultural-political) group is superior.
what does Bell Hooks mean by eating the other? - ANSWER This consumption (dominating the other culture) is like "eating" in that it devalues the Other as an object (of white supremacist male desire), and erases the other in the act of consumption
Why is appropriation so wrong? - ANSWER transforms and revalues the cultural objects, expressions, traditions, and practices of the Other, it can be seen as a form of domination
What does it mean to "decenter feminism"? - ANSWER allows for a better
