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WJEC Criminology Ac2 Final Exam 170 Questions &
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What is Lombrosso's study based off? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Genetics and evolution What did Lombrosso believe - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Criminals have physical characteristics that make them more likely to have criminal tendencies What form do criminals have according to Lombrosso? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Atavistic form Who was involved in Lombrosso's study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 400 italian non criminal soldiers and 90 'lunatics' What did Lombrosso find in his study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Criminals have physical characteristics which makes them identifiable in public What characteristics may a criminal have? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> High cheekbones and large chin What features may a rapist have? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Fleshy lips and 'jug ears' What features may a habitual murderer have? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cold, small wondering eyes What theory is Sheldon's theory based off? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Lombrosso's
What is Sheldon's theory of somatypes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> That criminals will have a specific type of body type and temperament What are the three body types? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mesomorph, ectomorph and endomorph What are the features of the body type ectomorph? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Little body fat and reserved What are the features of the body type endomorph? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> High body fat and loves comfort What are the features of the body type mesomorph? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Muscular and ruthless Which body type is the criminal body type? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mesomorph Who was involved in sheldon's study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> College students and delinquents What occurred in Sheldon's study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> He rated the individuals on mesomorphy based on photographs (1 low, 7 high) What did Sheldon find in his study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Delinquents had higher mean of mesomorphy in comparison to college students (4.6% vs 3.8%) What did Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck say? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> From their comparison to delinquents and non delinquents, delinquents had less emotional stability
What did Mednick look at? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 14,427 court convictions of adopted children and the criminal records of both types of parents What did Mednick find? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> If adoptive father had conviction, child has 10% chance of getting conviction compared to 21% biological father Who does the extra y hypothesis affect? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Men How many are undiagnosed? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 88% Two key words that explain these men - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Hypermasculine and supermales Who did a study in a scottish prison? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Jacobs What did Jacobs find? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> That there were more XYY men in a scottish prison than in the general population What are hypermasculine men prone to? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Violent henious crimes What is no different between an XY man and an XYY man? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Testosterone levels Someone with XYY may have.... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> learning difficulties What are the stereotypical features of someone with XYY? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Tall and aggressive Name a criminal who has used this as a defence - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Richard Speck
What did Richard Speck do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Murdered 8 nurses in chicago, said he had XYY but never did Who did a study on the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Raine What did Raine look at? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> P.E.T scans of 41 american prisoners and matched them with people from the public How many were schizophrenic? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 6 How many had head injuries? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 23 What did Raine find? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Violent offenders had less activity in their frontal and parietal lobes What is the frontal lobe responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Self control What is the parietal lobe responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Learning What is a malfunctioning amygdala - CORRECT ANSWER >>> violence is linked to unusual emotional responses What is a faulty hippocampus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the inability to learn from mistakes What is the main key assumption for behaviourism? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> We are born blank slates and our interactions with the environment shapes our behaviour
What did Bandura find? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Children imitated the acts shown and they furthered it with acts that weren't shown What is vicarious reinforcement? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> When you learn behaviour by seeing another person being rewarded or punished What is a key assumption of Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis **- CORRECT ANSWER
** individuals have experienced a disrupted relationship with their primary care giver at the age of 0- 5 What are the three long term consequences of bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> emotional, social and cognitive difficulties What is affectionless psychopathy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The inability to show affection for others, so they are likely to act on impulse with little regard for consequences What is another long term consequence of maternal deprivation? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** Aggression How many people were involved in Bowlby's study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 88 children from the ages of 5 to 16 How many were referred to the clinic for stealing? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 44 How many of these 44 that were referred were APs? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 16 How many were referred but did not commit any crimes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 44
What did Bowlby find? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 86% of theives (APs) had been maternally deprived before the age of 5 What did Bowlby conclude? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> That severe form of maternal deprivation is AP and the less severe results in anti social behaviour (theft) What is a key assumption of Eysencks theory of criminal personality? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** There is a biological basis to personality traits which are influenced by nervous system we inherit which can be under/over active What is one of the dimensions? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Introversion/extraversion What is one of the dimensions? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Neuroticism/stability What is the third dimension? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> psychoticism What does a criminal display high levels of? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism Extraversion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Underactive nervous system. Seek excitement and is care free Introversion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Overactive nervous system. avoid stimulation and are reserved Neuroticism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Unstable nervous system. Likely to overreact
Superego (Theory of Personality) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Develops at the age of five, it is the angel which imposes guilt for behaviour What does an imbalance of the superego mean? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> It means it is impaired so it cannot inflict guilt on the id for impulsive behaviour Weak superego - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Same sex is absent when superego develops so they have no one to identify with = become egocentric as morality doesn't develop Deviant superego - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Parent is criminal/has no morals, child will grow to think the same = they do not associate crime with guilt Harsh superego - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Child has been severely punished, superego will impose feelings of guilt = commit crimes so then the superego is satisfied with being punished Repression (defence mechanisms) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Keeping disturbing thoughts from becoming conscious to avoid unpleasant emotions Denial (defence mechanisms) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Refusing to acknowledge reality Displacement (defence mechanisms) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Placing anger (usually) from its primary target to a substitute target What is the marxist explanation for crime? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Capitalist society causes crime through the middle class exploiting the working class What is a key assumption of marxist explanation of crime? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> There is an unequal distribution of resources which makes crime criminogenic
What is another key assumption of marxist explanation of crime? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Crime is a logical response to inequality and poverty which appears to be a working class phenomenon What is capitalist society characterised by? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Consumerism and competition What are the three reasons that we are less aware of MC crime? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> They are protected by; selective law enforcement, power and control and promoting individual motivation to commit crime Selective law enforcement - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Capitalist society is underpoliced, under reported and under estimated. What is an example of selective law enforcement? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Tax evasions done by MC rarely prosecuted but benefit fraud from WC is What happens if a MC person is prosecuted? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> WC will think society is fair = they are less likely to rebel What is an example of a law that is passed but is weakly enforced? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** Health and safety laws How does this benefit the MC - CORRECT ANSWER >>> They are able to continue exploiting the WC and not protect them What is an example of a health and safety law violated by MC? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Primark workers stuck in collapsed building in Dhaka when conditions were previously complained about
Durkheim society of saints - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Expectations are high so there is no crime as everyone tries to obey the norms = smallest thing is seen as deviant Why is deviance necessary (Durkheim) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> it sets boundaries and helps us evolve. Without it, society stagnates. If everyone conformed there would be no change Functionalism - Merton key assumption - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Individual's commit crime when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals in legitimate ways. They experience a strain between goals and achieving them What five ways can someone adapt to a strain? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Rebellion, retreatism, ritualism, innovation and conformity Rebellion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Rejecting existing goals and replacing them with new ones (Hippies) Retreatism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Rejecting goals and legitimately achieving them (psychos, addicts) Ritualism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Given up on achieving goals but do it legitimately (lower MC office workers) Innovation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Accept achieving goals illegitimately (some MC, mainly WC) Conformity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Accept achieving goals legitimately (MC)
Labelling key assumption - CORRECT ANSWER >>> People behave in a way that reflects a label that is attached to them What happens when the label sticks? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> It becomes the individuals master status, which leads to the self fulfilling prophecy and confirms a deviant career Why doesn't some people become labelled as deviant? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> social status and their interactions with agencies of social control Becker - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Society creates the rules so deviance is a behaviour that is seen to break the rules. These acts are done by particular people and police (stop and searches) Example of someone who has been labelled - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Steven Avery from Making a Murderer How does Deviance amplification happen? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> When there is an attempt of control of deviance. Media presses on deviance = moral panic = deviance is amplified Right Realism - what three factors is crime a result of - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Biological differences, socialisation and underclass, rational choice theory Biological differences - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Extra Y, brain and sheldon Socialisation and underclass - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Deviant behaviour stems from inadequate socialisation of young and increase in welfare dependency (lone parent family with - role model) Rational choice theory - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Individuals have free will or a choice to commit crime which is based on calculation of likely consequences.
Left realists solution to crime... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Improving policy and control, dealing with deep rooted causes and working with multi agencies What are multi agencies? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Social services and local council
