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Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
Ch.1 List the general kinds of damage insect pests can cause ✔✔-Chew on seeds, roots, leaves, stems, & fruits
- Tunnel in roots, stems, & leaves
- Suck plant juices
- Promote gall formation and other malformations
- Inject toxins into plants - Transmit diseases to plants
- Create a nuisance for people
Ch.1 Describe the structural features of insects ✔✔Insects have: body form has 3 regions: head, thorax, abdomen; 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax; 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings attached to thorax; 1 pair of antennae
Ch.1 Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods ✔✔Arthropods have: exoskeleton; body form has 2 regions: head & abdomen; usually 4 pairs of legs attached to head; no wings; no antennae
Ch.1 Contrast the difference between simple and complete metamorphosis ✔✔-Simple: "Incomplete Metamorphosis"; 3 stages: egg, nymph, & adult
- Complete: 4 distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, & adult
Ch.1 Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development ✔✔*Temperature & humidity preferences vary for each insect.
*Combined effect of both on reproduction & development is more dramatically different than the effect of either alone.
- Temperature: development is faster with heat & slower with cold temps; insects die at the high levels of developmental threshold temps and become inactive at low levels
- Humidity: effects insect diseases; effects moisture levels required for survival
Ch.1 List the advantages and disadvantages of using insecticides ✔✔Advantages:
- Effective against economically damaging pests
- Can combine 1 or 2 insecticides to combat several pests
- They act quickly to control pests before reaching damaging levels
- For new pests, there are many compounds that have been proven effective
- Effective insecticides, suitable formulations, & application equipment are normally available
Disadvantages:
Ch.2 Distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants and woody from herbaceous plants ✔✔-Grasses (Monocots): most common weeds; have a single seed leaf (cotyledon) when they germinate; narrow leaves with parallel viens
- Broadleaves (Dicots): have 2 seed leaves when they germinate; veins form a net-like or branching pattern; can be broken down into Woody and Herbaceous plants
--> Woody: have thickened outer layer on stems (bark)
--> Herbaceous: lacks bark
Ch. 2 Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual, biennial, and perennial plants ✔✔- Annuals: live less than 12 months; most seeds germinate the following year, some are dormant taking several years; prolific seed producers.
--> Summer Annuals: germinate from seed in spring, flower/produce seeds in summer, die in late summer/early fall.
--> Winter Annuals: germinate from seed in fall, overwinter as low-growing plants, flower/produce seeds in spring, then die.
- Biennials: live for 2 growing seasons; germinate from seeds in spring or summer and produce a rosette of leaves, overwinter in rosette stage, flower the following year, produce seed, and die.
- Perennials: live for at least 2 years, sometimes longer; may reproduce by seed or spread vegetatively (stolons, rhizomes, spreading roots, tubers, bulbs)
Ch.2 Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest to do so ✔✔-Annuals: kill the whole shoot by tillage or with herbicides during seeding stage.
--> Summer Annuals: kill with tillage or herbicides during seeding stage.
--> Winter Annuals: kill with tillage or herbicides during seeding stage.
- Biennials: best controlled with herbicides during rosette stage.
Perennials: controlled by repeatedly tilling or with herbicides that translocates to all plant parts.
Ch.2 Distinguish the difference between preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicide applications ✔✔-Preplant: done before planting.
-Preemergence: usually (not always) done after planting but before plants/weeds emerge.
-Postemergence: done selectively after plants/weeds emerge; timing is important; if the desirable plant is smaller or larger than the growth stage listed on the label, it may be damaged by the herbicide.
Ch.2 Explain the effects of soil texture, organic matter, and pH and herbicide persistence on herbicide activity ✔✔-Fine textured soils or soils with high organic matter often require higher herbicide rates than soils with coarser texture or low organic matter.
-Some herbicides prohibit product use on certain soils with a light texture, low organic matter, or high pH to guard against excessive plant damage or herbicide persistence.
-Apply on days when temps are less than 80 degrees F
-Avoid spraying during midsummer; garden plants and vegetables are more susceptible.
-Avoid applying herbicides on dry, compacted soils
-Keep pesticides off impermeable surfaces
Chapter 2 Know the Law ✔✔State and local laws require landowners to control certain weeds to prevent their spread and distribution
Ch.3 Define plant disease and what causes it ✔✔Any harmful change in the physiology and/or structure of a plant caused by some outside agent.
Ch.3 List examples of the major groups of plant pathogens (7) ✔✔-Fungi (blights)
-Oomycetes (downy mildews) -Nematodes (root rot)
-Bacteria (fire blight
-Phytoplasmas (corn stunts)
-Viruses (soybean mosaic)-Viroids (potato spindle tuber)
Ch.3 Describe how the major groups of plant pathogens are spread from plant to plant ✔✔- Fungi: wind, rain splash, insect vectors
-Oomycetes: wind, rain splash, transfer of infested soil
-Nematodes: transfer of infested soil, infested planting stock
-Bacteria: rain splash, insect vectors, tools
-Phytoplasmas: only by insect vectors
-Viruses: insect vectors, mechanical transmission, rubbing of infected leaf to another, seed borne, vegetative propagation
-Viroids: mechanical transmission, vegetative propagation
Ch.3 List the four prerequisites for plant disease to occur ✔✔1. A pathogen population capable of causing disease
- A host that is susceptible to infection by that pathogen population
- Environmental conditions that favor disease development
- Sufficient time for disease to actually develop
Ch.3 Describe clues that help you distinguish plant diseases from plant injury ✔✔-Disease: starts small, gradually increases in size and severity over several days.
-Injury: appears suddenly in a uniform pattern
Ch.4 Describe factors that complicate management of pest mammals (5) ✔✔Mobility, Unpredictability, Public Perception, Legal Status, Management Techniques
Ch.4 Explain the regulations regarding the use of pesticides to control mammals ✔✔Using pesticides to control mammals and birds is strictly regulated and often involves obtaining special permits from the WI Dept of Ag, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP) and/or the WI DNR
Ch.4 Describe the damage that pests discussed in this chapter can cause to turf and landscapes ✔✔-Meadow Mice: girdle roots, kill/injure trees and shrubs.
-Rabbits: browse on bark and branches of trees and shrubs.
-Moles: tunnels interfere with mowing, expose roots to air killing grass/other plants.
-Ground Squirrels: problem in gardens and lawns.
-Skunks: mostly beneficial, disliked because of stink
-Deer: damage woody plants by feeding on buds and young branches, rubbing, trampling.
Ch.4 Outline your management options for controlling the pests discussed in this chapter ✔✔- Meadow Mice: rodenticide baits
-Rabbits: no lethal pesticides; virtually impossible to eliminate.
-Moles: poison baits with food.
-Ground Squirrels: toxic bait or rodenticides for large areas.
-Skunks: no lethal pesticides; trapping or habitat destruction.
-Deer: repellents, scare devices, fencing
Chapter 4 Know the Law ✔✔You need a use permit to use any pesticide for the control of mammals (other than rats and mice) or to use strychnine or 1080
Ch.5 Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types of pesticides ✔✔Any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage
Ch.5 Contrast the difference between organic, inorganic, and microbial pesticides ✔✔-Organic: the compound contains the element carbon; some derived from plant extracts; some synthetic.
-Inorganic: derived from minerals that occur in nature; toxic to many organisms; less effective than organic compounds.
-Microbial: are bacteria, fungi, viruses that cause disease.
Ch.5 Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names (3) ✔✔1. Chemical Names: given to each active ingredient; name is long, hard to pronounce, difficult to use.
-Nonselective: toxic to most or all plants.
Ch.5 Outline the uses and characteristics of contact and systemic herbicides ✔✔-Contact: kill the parts of the plant they actually touch.
-Systemic: absorbed through leaves/roots and translocated within the plant.
Ch5. Contrast protectant and post-infection fungicides and explain how each are used ✔✔- Protectant: applied before disease develops to protect plant; apply repeatedly during growing season.
-Post-Infection: kill/inhibit growth/development of fungus after it has been established; mostly effective in first 48 hours.
Ch.5 Describe the type of rodenticides used to control rats and mice ✔✔Anticoagulants or Acute Compounds: after being ingested, damages capillaries and reduces the ability of the blood to clot, dies from internal bleeding
Ch.6 Describe the function of inert ingredients ✔✔-Do not posses pesticidal activity
-Added to improve application effectiveness, safety, handling, storage, other characteristics of the final product
Ch.6 Explain why there are different kinds of formulations and what items you need to consider when selecting one ✔✔1. The chemistry of the active ingredient itself dictates what formulations are possible.
- Different formulations offer different advantages.
*Considerations:
-Different formulations of an active ingredient may be less effective than another in a given situation.
-One formulation of an active ingredient may be less effective than another in a given situation.
-The price per pound of active ingredient may differ among formulations.
-You can measure liquid formulations more easily than dry ones.
-Formulations vary in characteristics such as ability to remain in suspension or solution and the tendency to damage sprayer components.
-You don't need to dilute pesticides that are applied as solids, however it is often difficult to apply them uniformly.
-Dry formulations are easier to clean up than liquid ones when spilled.
-In general, freezing temps in the storage area affect dry formulations less than liquids.
Ch.6 For formulations that are applied as liquids know which ones:
Ch.6 Identify the advantages of using poisonous baits and how to prevent nontarget animals from being exposed to them ✔✔-Advantage: introduce little pesticide into the environment.
-Prevention: place bait where pest is likely to encounter it or use tamper-resistant bait or physical barriers.
Ch.6 Describe the function of, and precautions regarding, the use of adjuvants ✔✔-Function: chemical added to a pesticide or spray tank to modify the product's physical properties and/or enhance pesticide performance.
-Precautions: misuse may lead to injury of desirable plants, compatibility problems, or reduced pest control.
-Use: used for foliar applications.
Ch.7 Identify the most prominent federal pesticide law and which agency oversees it ✔✔Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) overseen by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Ch.7 Describe what is involved in pesticide registration and reregistration and the practical importance of each ✔✔-Registration: pesticides must be registered by the EPA before being legally sold/used. To show the product will not create unreasonable risks.
-Reregistration: for older pesticides to ensure their use would not pose unreasonable risks.
Ch.7 Explain why products are classified restricted-use and who may purchase and apply such products ✔✔-EPA determines whether the benefits of use outweigh the risks only when trained persons use the pesticide.
-Must be a certified applicator to mix, load, apply, or direct use of RUPs.
Ch.7 Explain the significance when state and federal laws differ ✔✔State laws can be more strict than federal laws but not more lenient.
Ch.7 Contrast the difference between a private applicator, commercial applicator for hire, and commercial applicator not for hire ✔✔-Private: you use or direct use of pesticides for purpose of producing an agricultural commodity; applications occur on land owned/rented by you/your employer.
-Commercial for Hire: if you use pesticides on a contract basis (paid by 3rd party to perform services).
-Commercial Not for Hire: use or direct the use of pesticides only to sites that you/your employer controls, and don't contract out your pesticide application services.
Ch.7 Summarize the conditions for registering an employee as a temporary commercial applicator trainee (4) ✔✔1. Trainee registration is valid for only 30 days.
Ch.7 Describe what is meant by prohibited pesticide, limited-use pesticide, pesticide governed by a special rule ✔✔-Prohibited: contains active ingredients & use has been prohibited due to hazardous nature/persistence.
-Limited-Use: in WI the purchase, sale, or use of some are limited to specifically defined uses.
-Special Rule: potentially adverse effect on the environment or human health, regulated through special rules.
Ch.7 Explain when you may need to get special permits and/or obtain another certification category to perform certain pesticide applications ✔✔For some situations there are regulations that go beyond the need to be certified and you must also obtain a special permit before buying/using pesticides for these cases.
Ch.8 Describe the difference between the terms "labels" and "labeling" ✔✔-Labels: info printed/attached to the pesticide container or wrapper.
-Labeling: both the actual label and to all addition product info.
Ch.8 List the 5 times when you should read the relevant parts of a label ✔✔1. Before you buy the product, to make sure it's the best choice for the pest you wish to control and that the product is labeled for the site where you need to use it.
- Before you store the product.
- Before you mix and use the product, to be sure you apply it safely, effectively, and at the proper rate.
- Before you clean the pesticide application equipment.
- Before you dispose of the product and/or its container.
Ch.8 Outline the kinds of information you can find on a label ✔✔Restricted-use statement, Trade name, Type of pesticide, Formulation, Ingredient statement, Net contents, Name & address, EPA registration & establishment numbers
Ch.8 Explain how products with similar brand names or ingredients may have different uses ✔✔Companies often use the same basic name with slight variations for different products. Different companies may sell products that seem similar but are registered for different uses. Always check the label for active ingredients and registered uses.
Ch.8 List the signal words that you may find on a pesticide label (4) ✔✔1. Danger-Poison (often with skull and cross bones)
- Danger
- Warning
- Caution
