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WGU D265 Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence | 125 Questions with 100% Correct Answers, Exams of Creative Thinking

Alabama Southern Community CollegeCreative Thinking

WGU D265 Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence | 125 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update |38 Pages

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 06/17/2023

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WGU D265 Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence | 125
Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest
Update |38 Pages
Which sentence is a non-proposition?
- If the burglar did not go out the front door, they must have gone out a window.
- The earth is the third planet from the sun.
- Where are the keys to my car?
- Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. - Correct answer Where are the keys to my
car?
Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where is the president right
now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition?
- Where is the president right now?
- Did the company really close that deal?
- Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
- It has had a great year. - Correct answer It has had a great year.
Propositions - Correct answer Statements that can be true or false.
Non-propositions - Correct answer Sentences that are not statements about matters of fact (or
fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or false.
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Download WGU D265 Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence | 125 Questions with 100% Correct Answers and more Exams Creative Thinking in PDF only on Docsity!

WGU D265 Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence | 125

Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest

Update |38 Pages

Which sentence is a non-proposition?

  • If the burglar did not go out the front door, they must have gone out a window.
  • The earth is the third planet from the sun.
  • Where are the keys to my car?
  • Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. - Correct answer Where are the keys to my car? Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where is the president right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed. In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition?
  • Where is the president right now?
  • Did the company really close that deal?
  • Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
  • It has had a great year. - Correct answer It has had a great year. Propositions - Correct answer Statements that can be true or false. Non-propositions - Correct answer Sentences that are not statements about matters of fact (or fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or false.

Which sentence expresses a complex proposition?

  • Birthday parties can be really fun.
  • The cat ate the food, but did not like it.
  • Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the United States.
  • Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible? - Correct answer The cat ate the food, but did not like it. If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity. Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into the simple propositions?
  • If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
  • The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
  • The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.
  • The company does not have enough computers. - Correct answer The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity. Simple propositions - Correct answer Simple propositions have no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own.
  • Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care. - Correct answer Many people are not sure where they can go to get care. Bad inferential structure - Correct answer Every argument with the same structure as this argument is bad (invalid or weak). The premises do not, in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other words, we can accept the premises as true without being compelled to accept the conclusion. There is something wrong with this argument's general structure. False premise - Correct answer This particular argument has a premise/assumption that is false. There is something wrong with this argument's particular content. Conclusion Indicators - Correct answer Therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result Premise Indicators - Correct answer Because, for, given that, in that, as, since, as indicated by "Since we cannot go out until the restaurant opens, and given that we are trying to save money, we should just hang out here until closer to dinner." Which statements are the premises of the following argument? Choose 2 answers.
  • We cannot go out until the restaurant opens.
  • We are trying to save money.
  • We should just hang out here until closer to dinner.
  • We can have a good time without spending money. - Correct answer - We cannot go out until the restaurant opens.
  • We are trying to save money. Most students in the class scored less than 70% on the exam. This means that the exam was too difficult to accurately assess student learning. Therefore, as exams are supposed to accurately assess student learning, the exam must be revised and readministered. Which statement is the conclusion of the above argument?
  • The exam must be revised and readministered.
  • Some students in the class scored higher than 70% on the exam.
  • Exams are supposed to accurately assess student learning.
  • Most students in the class scored less than 70% on the exam. - Correct answer The exam must be revised and readministered. Which sentences are arguments? Choose 2 answers.
  • We know the student cheated on the exam because the instructor caught the student stealing glances at their neighbor's test.
  • The student only cheated on the exam because their financial aid depended on it.
  • No one has ever been to the moon, so we do not know that it is not made of cheese.
  • If you suspect you have been infected with rabies, then you should contact a medical professional immediately. - Correct answer - We know the student cheated on the exam because the instructor caught the student stealing glances at their neighbor's test.

storm earlier last week short-circuited Jordan's TV set. Besides, they canceled Jordan's favorite Saturday evening show. Which description best characterizes the above?

  • A story
  • An explanation for why something happened
  • An argument
  • A disconnected set of statements - Correct answer An argument Kinds of Inferences - Correct answer Deduction Induction Inference to the best explanation or abduction Deduction - Correct answer arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion — mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition Induction - Correct answer arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable — analogies, authority, causal inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations, etc. Inference to the best explanation or abduction - Correct answer arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation Truth - Correct answer A true proposition accurately represents reality.

Validity - Correct answer In a good deductive argument structure, true premises make the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.) Soundness - Correct answer The deductive argument is valid and all premises are true premises. (If not, it is an unsound argument.) Sound Argument - Correct answer All True Premises + Valid Structure Strength - Correct answer In a strong inductive argument, true premises make the conclusion probably true. Cogency - Correct answer Strong inductive arguments with all true premises are cogent. Consider the following argument: Smith inspected 990 jellybeans in the jar. Each of the beans Smith inspected is red. Therefore, all 1000 of the beans in the jar are red. Which kind of argument is this?

  • A strong argument
  • Deductive argument
  • A weak argument
  • A valid argument - Correct answer A strong argument Some arguments are such that the premises of the argument entail its conclusion, which means that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. What are such arguments called?
  • I disagree with my opponent's position on this issue, but I respect my opponents and I am curious to hear their thoughts on the matter.
  • I know that issues can be complicated, and that it is often difficult to determine the best approach to a problem.
  • Unlike some others, I do not jump to conclusions, nor am I biased.
  • While I am open to discussion on the topic, I am committed to my position because I know it is right. - Correct answer - I disagree with my opponent's position on this issue, but I respect my opponents and I am curious to hear their thoughts on the matter.
  • I know that issues can be complicated, and that it is often difficult to determine the best approach to a problem. Which sentences are propositions? Choose 2 answers.
  • Hey, let's go to lunch at noon today.
  • Mangino's has the best pizza.
  • They will likely put the other restaurants out of business.
  • Do you like Mangino's pizza? - Correct answer - Mangino's has the best pizza.
  • They will likely put the other restaurants out of business. Which statement is a simple proposition?
  • Because I was dressed for work, I took an umbrella and ran to my car.
  • I had a work deadline approaching, so I ate lunch at my desk and finished my work.
  • I stopped at the grocery store and bought some milk.
  • By noon, the sun was shining. - Correct answer By noon, the sun was shining. Which indicator is a premise indicator?
  • Hence
  • Because
  • Thus
  • Therefore - Correct answer Because Because flying cars will relieve traffic congestion, and since the research and development of such vehicles will be expensive, it follows that the government should encourage industry to develop flying cars and banks should help fund industry research. Which phrases contain conclusions of this argument? Choose 2 answers.
  • Flying cars will relieve traffic congestion
  • The research and development of such vehicles will be expensive
  • The government should encourage industry to develop flying cars
  • Banks should help fund industry research - Correct answer - The government should encourage industry to develop flying cars
  • Banks should help fund industry research Dogs are bred for many different purposes. Poodles, for example, make good house pets, while German shepherds and other large breeds can be used for home protection. Therefore,

Jordan says, "I am the best student at our high school; I am the tallest and most athletic, and I have the best car." Taylor, Jordan's best friend, totally agrees. Which two descriptors best characterize Jordan's comments? Choose two answers.

  • Weak argument
  • Proposition
  • Inference
  • Strong argument - Correct answer - Weak argument
  • Inference All dogs are cute. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger is cute. Which type of reasoning is illustrated in this example?
  • Deductive
  • Invalid
  • Inductive
  • Abductive - Correct answer Deductive Usually when the audience comes out of a theater laughing, that means the film was funny. The audience leaving the theater after this film is laughing. So the film probably is funny. Which type of reasoning is illustrated in this example?
  • Valid
  • Sound
  • Inductive
  • Deductive - Correct answer Inductive

All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger can fly. Which types of reasoning are illustrated in this example? Choose 2 answers.

  • Deductive
  • Valid
  • True
  • Sound - Correct answer - Deductive
  • Valid An individual drops hundreds of objects, and each time they fall to the ground. The individual therefore concludes that if someone drops a pencil, it will fall. Which terms describe the argument? Choose 2 answers.
  • Deductive
  • Valid
  • Strong
  • Cogent - Correct answer - Strong
  • Cogent If I am bald, then I am old. I am old. Therefore, I am bald. Which type of logic error is this an example of?
  • Begging the question
  • The fallacy fallacy
  • Denying the antecedent

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of "fallacy" as that term is used in logic?

  • A fallacy is a formal violation of a state law.
  • A fallacy is a false claim.
  • A fallacy is a deliberate attempt to deceive.
  • A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning. - Correct answer A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning. Formal Fallacy - Correct answer The word "formal" refers to the structure of things. Informal Fallacy - Correct answer Informal fallacies have a problem with their content. A formal fallacy concerns _______, but an informal fallacy concerns _______. - Correct answer the structure of an argument By definition, a formal fallacy concerns the structure of an argument and an informal fallacy concerns the information contained in the argument's structure. A formal fallacy is a type of _______. - Correct answer Bad argument structure Formality is associated with structure. Which questions are most appropriate for evaluating the credibility of an information source? Choose 2 answers.
  • Who funded it?
  • Does it try to get you to distrust other sources?
  • Does it support your beliefs and values?
  • Is it free of bias? - Correct answer - Who funded it?
  • Does it try to get you to distrust other sources? Which study is most likely to be corrupted by bias?
  • A study by the marketing department of an oil company determining the best use of the company's advertising dollars
  • A study by a group representing organic farmers examining the health benefits of eating organic foods
  • A study by an independent research group detailing the effects of global warming
  • A study by a nonpartisan polling firm showing strong support for a new tax levy - Correct answer - A study by a group representing organic farmers examining the health benefits of eating organic foods Which questions can best help readers avoid being misled by fake news? Choose 2 answers.
  • Has the story been vetted by independent fact-checkers?
  • Does the story support your political views?
  • Has the subject of a negative story dismissed it as fake news?
  • Are multiple news outlets independently reporting the same story? - Correct answer - Has the story been vetted by independent fact-checkers?
  • Are multiple news outlets independently reporting the same story? Which of the following are reasons for applying the principle of charity? Choose 2 answers.

accepts the author's claims about the advantages of technology but rejects the author's claims about the disadvantages of technology. Which cognitive bias is Smith demonstrating?

  • Dunning-Kruger effect
  • Self-serving bias
  • Optimism bias
  • Confirmation bias - Correct answer Confirmation bias Cognitive bias - Correct answer The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us. Alief - Correct answer An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs. Heuristic - Correct answer a rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut Which of the following is an example of the anchoring bias?
  • Ortega is inclined to accept relevant evidence that supports his views about religion, but to deny relevant evidence that counts against his views.
  • Smith accepts a belief only because all of his friends accept it.
  • Miller possesses a good deal of knowledge about her profession, which is banking. She therefore concludes that she also knows a good deal about political science.
  • Jones collects five pieces of evidence to support a belief, but arbitrarily emphasizes the first piece of evidence. - Correct answer Jones collects five pieces of evidence to support a belief, but arbitrarily emphasizes the first piece of evidence. Algorithm bubble - Correct answer The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on. Availability heuristic - Correct answer A process where in the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than on what is objectively true. Which of the following is a form of cognitive bias? The false dilemma fallacy The Peter Principle Begging the question Alief - Correct answer Alief Which of the following is most likely to be most impacted by cognitive bias?
  • A social media post from a nonexpert concerning a controversial topic
  • A peer-reviewed academic journal
  • A newspaper article about a recent baseball game
  • A history textbook written by a reputable historian - Correct answer A social media post from a nonexpert concerning a controversial topic Which type of generalization is rationally acceptable?