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WCU PHYS 261 Final Exam | Questions
and Answers | Latest Version | Already
Passed | (West Coast University)
The function of transverse tubules is to ----CORRECT ANSWER----------rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber. Which is greater: A) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict B) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels dilate ----CORRECT ANSWER----------A) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict The P wave of an ECG corresponds to ----CORRECT ANSWER----------depolarization of the atria The reflex that compliments a withdrawal reflex by making compensatory adjustments on the opposite side of the body receiving the stimulus is the ----CORRECT ANSWER--- -------crossed extensor reflex Your instructor announces a pop quiz. Which would you expect? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Increased sympathetic signaling and increased cardiac output This protein is activated by the Ca2+-calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein. ----CORRECT ANSWER----------myosin light chain kinase In which situation would end- systolic volume (ESV) be the greatest? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------when parasympathetic stimulation of the heart is increased
Striated muscles are so- called because of a repeating pattern of light and dark bands. One repeating unit of the banding pattern is called a ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- Sarcomere The contraction cycle is initiated by the rise in _______ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Ca2+ The volume of blood pumped out of the heart from one ventricle during one contraction - ---CORRECT ANSWER----------Stroke Volume (SV) The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Na+ only The volume of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction ----CORRECT ANSWER----------End- diastolic volume (EDV) The volume of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts ----CORRECT ANSWER-------- --End- systolic volume (ESV) The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Stroke volume (SV) What happens when calcium binds to troponin? ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- Tropomyosin is pulled away from the myosin-binding site on actin. The driving force for blood flow is a(n) ________ gradient. ----CORRECT ANSWER------ ----pressure
The hormone vasopressin ----CORRECT ANSWER----------stimulates kidneys to retain water The enzyme renin is responsible for the production of ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- Angiotensin I A glomerulus is ----CORRECT ANSWER----------a "ball" of capillaries within Bowman's capsule Dehydration leads to ________ blood volume, ________ blood pressure, and ________ osmolarity. ----CORRECT ANSWER----------decreased, decreased, increased G cells of the stomach secrete ----CORRECT ANSWER----------gastrin Increased angiotensin II levels would result in increased ----CORRECT ANSWER---------
- a. blood volume b. retention of water c. blood pressure d. retention of sodium ions at the kidney (All of the above) The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- renal corpuscle Which ion is NOT directly regulated by the kidney? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------OH- Short reflexes of the digestive system are integrated in the __________ nervous system ----CORRECT ANSWER----------enteric
movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- filtration Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets. ----CORRECT ANSWER----------emulsifying The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by the kidneys is ----CORRECT ANSWER----------ADH vasopressin Bile is secreted from the _______ and stored in the ________. ----CORRECT ANSWER----------liver, gallbladder A patient had an opioid overdose causing respiratory depression. Which would you expect for kidney compensation? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Increased hydrogen ion excretion and increased bicarbonate ion reabsorption. movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen ----CORRECT ANSWER----------secretion Angiotensin II stimulates ----CORRECT ANSWER----------thirst, vasoconstriction, and release of aldosterone. Which is false about Angiotensin II? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------activates parasympathetic output Chyme is released from here ----CORRECT ANSWER----------stomach
Which hormone released from the hypothalamus regulates gonad function? ---- CORRECT ANSWER----------Gonadotropin- releasing hormone What are the two primary lymphoid tissues? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------thymus and bone marrow Autoimmune diseases are an example of a(n) ________ response by the immune system ----CORRECT ANSWER----------incorrect A genetic defect causes a fetus to not develop a thymus. Which mature cells would you predict to be low? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------T lymphocytes When an antigen fragment is bound to a MHC class I molecule to form a MHC- I - antigen complex, it can stimulate a ----CORRECT ANSWER----------cytotoxic T- cell How does a sperm manage to penetrate the corona radiata and the zona pellucida and fertilize an egg? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Through an acrosomal reaction What is the outcome when a complement cascade is activated? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Pores are formed in a pathogen membrane, causing it to lyse. A person's blood type is determined by the ----CORRECT ANSWER----------presence or absence of specific glycoprotein molecules on their cell membrane Which represents the body's first line of defense to a pathogen? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------stomach acid
Which embryonic structure gives rise to the seminal vesicles and vas deferens during fetal differentiation into a male? ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Wolffian duct Opsonins function by ----CORRECT ANSWER----------marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them. The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the __________ phase. ----CORRECT ANSWER- ---------follicular In the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the ovary is ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- maturing a follicle Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and are involved in allergic reactions are ---- CORRECT ANSWER----------IgE A zygote with the genotype YO will ----CORRECT ANSWER----------die The hormone mainly responsible for the milk let- down reflex is ----CORRECT ANSWER----------oxytocin When the immune system creates a response that is out of proportion to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an ----CORRECT ANSWER----------allergy or hypersensitivity reaction Stem cells that will form T lymphocytes mature in the ----CORRECT ANSWER---------- thymus Testosterone is secreted by ----CORRECT ANSWER----------Leydig cells
volume inside the lungs ----------------------------------What is intrapulmonary volume? 760mmHg ----------------------------------What is the atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure when you are at rest?(neither inhaling or exhaling) 400ml air ----------------------------------What is the lung volume during rest? lower ----------------------------------For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher or lower than the atmospheric pressure?
- blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
- chemoreceptors get stimulated
- chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
- medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
- phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
- diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
- negative pressure created inside the lungs
- thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
- increase in intrapulmonary volume
- decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
- air enters lungs ----------------------------------What are the steps of inspiration? Central receptors
- located near the medulla
- detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it can tell if CO2 has increased Peripheral receptors
- found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
- detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the medulla --------------- -------------------What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their functions?
- inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with air
- stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
- medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
- diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic nerve
- diaphragm and muscles relax
- diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
- lungs recoil properly
- blood is pushed out of the lungs
- decrease in intrapulmonary volume
- increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
- air leaves lungs ----------------------------------What are the steps of expiration? a- tidal volume(TV): a normal breath b- inspiratory reserve volume(IRV): the amount of air your can forcefully inhale after a normal inhale c- expiratory reserve volume(ERV): the amount of air you can forcefully exhale after a normal exhale d- vital capacity(VC): the amount of air that can be manipulated e- residual volume(RV): the amount of air always left in the lungs f-total lung capacity(TLC): the total amount of air your lungs can hold ------------------------- ---------What are the parts of components capacity and their meaning?
- the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution
- 0 - 14
- acidic: 0-7, neutral: 7-8, basic: 8- 14 ----------------------------------What is pH, its range, and the categories within its range?
- pH is acidic
- metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the body or not enough base in the body
- respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the body ------------ ----------------------What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings?
- pH is alkaline(basic)
- metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body or not enough acid in body respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to not enough CO2 in body ------------ ----------------------What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings?
- produced by bone marrow from stem cells, production is controlled by erythropoietin(released by kidneys) ----------------------------------What is erythropoiesis and its characteristics?
- to transport O2 in blood
- 4 chains with 1 heme group each that contains iron that binds oxygen ----------------------- -----------What are the functions of hemoglobin and its structure? factors that influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding and release ---------------------------------- What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
- hemoglobin has a low affinity to O2, so oxygen is released to tissues
- pH is down, DPG is up, and temp is up ----------------------------------What are the characteristics of Right Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
- hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen, so it doesn't release O2 to the tissues
- pH is up, DPG is down, and temp is down ----------------------------------What are the characteristics of Left Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
- the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- average male percentage range: 43-49%
- average female percentage range: 37-43% ----------------------------------What is hematocrit and its normal values for males and females?
- iron binds oxygen, and it is transported in hemoglobin in RBCs
- transferrin: transports iron along the body
- ferritin: stores iron along the body ----------------------------------What is the function of iron in blood, the 2 proteins associated with it, and their functions?
- around 120 day lifespan
- shape: biconcave disc
- destroyed in the spleen by macrophages(WBCs) ----------------------------------What are the characteristics of RBCs?
- chains of amino acids, iron, and heme that gets broken down into bilirubin ----------------- -----------------When RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, what is released? the process in which our body stops bleeding ----------------------------------What is hemostasis?
- platelet plug(primary): for minor injuries
- clot formation(secondary): for severe injuries, used along with platelet plug ---------------- ------------------What are the 2 types of hemostasis?
- vessel injury
- vascular spasm: blood vessel constricts to prevent further blood loss
- platelet plug formation: platelets stick together to block the leak ------------------------------- ---What are the 3 steps in primary hemostasis?
- produced by bone marrow from stem cells
- contains receptors for WWF, TxA2, fibrinogen, collagen, and thrombin
- contains mediators/chemicals such as factors 5 and 8, WWF, TxA2, and fibrinogen ----- -----------------------------What are the characteristics of platelets?
- arrival of platelets
- binding of platelets to endothelium, and releases collagen and WWF
- recruitment of other platelets(mediators and chemicals)
- platelets cluster
- plug formed ----------------------------------What are the steps for platelet plug formation?
- after the steps of platelet formation occur, fibrin clots wrap around the platelet plug and holds it in place
- after the initial fibrin clot is formed, platelets in the clot contract
type O: no antigens and both anti A and B antibodies ----------------------------------What are the antigens and antibodies for the ABO blood types? Rh+: Rh antigens and no anti-Rh antibodies Rh-: no Rh antigens and anti-Rh antibodies ----------------------------------What are the antigens and antibodies for the Rh blood types? starts the impulse and spreads it to both the atria and this causes both atria to contract. the impulse then travels to the next segment ----------------------------------What is the function of the SA node? slows the impulses down, giving the ventricles time to fill with blood. the impulse then travels to the next segment ----------------------------------What is the function of the AV node? receives impulse from the AV node and gives it to the Purjinke fibers ------------------------- ---------What is the function of the Bundle of Hiss? receives impulse and spreads it among the ventricles, causing the ventricles to contract ----------------------------------What is the function of the Purjinke fibers? SA node, AV node, Bundle of Hiss, Purjinke Fibers ----------------------------------What are the 4 parts of the conduction system of the heart in order? pacemaker potential: slow depolarization because Na+ channels open and K+ channels close depolarization: action potential reaches threshold due to the influx of CA2+ through CA2+ channels repolarization: repolarization due to CA2+ closing and K+ channels opening --------------- -------------------What are the steps of SA node action potential?
depolarization: opening of fast voltage-gated sodium channels, sodium enters and membrane becomes positive early repolarization: opening of voltage-gated potassium channels, potassium leaves and membrane becomes negative plateau: opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium enters and potassium leaves, membrane is stable(plateaus) repolarization: voltage-gated potassium channels are open, potassium leaves and membrane becomes negative ----------------------------------What are the steps of Myocardial cell action potential? P wave: atrial depolarization QRS complex: ventricular depolarization T wave: ventricular depolarization ----------------------------------What are the segments of an ECG reading, and what do they represent? the stretching and recoiling of the arteries ----------------------------------What is pulse? the force of blood against the walls of the arteries ----------------------------------What is blood pressure? systole: heart contracting and ejecting blood diastole: heart relaxed and filling with blood ----------------------------------What are the 2 stages of blood pressure and what do they represent?
- mean arterial pressure, and it is the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues ------- ---------------------------What is MAP and what does it mean? DP(diastolic pressure) + PP(pulse pressure)/3 (2 x DP) + SP / 3 ----------------------------------What are the 2 equations to find MAP?
amount of work placed on the heart due to outgoing blood from the arterial end ----------- -----------------------What is afterload? the amount of blood left in the chamber at the end of diastole ---------------------------------- What is End Diastolic Volume? the pressure in the chamber at the end of diastole ----------------------------------What is End Diastolic Pressure? the amount of blood left in the chamber at the end of systole ---------------------------------- What is End Systolic Volume? the pressure in the chamber at the end of systole ----------------------------------What is End Systolic Pressures? *BP = CO x PR *CO = HR x SV *SV = EDV - ESV ----------------------------------What are the equations for BP, CO, and SV? arterial damage, bleeding profusely due to arterial damage, blood pressure drops and stimulates baroreceptors, baroreceptors stimulate medulla, medulla stimulates SNS, that brings up the 5 parameters of blood pressure, that in turn brings up blood pressure ----------------------------------What occurs in the body due to sudden hypotension(a man got shot)? once BP drops, baroreceptors get stimulated, baroreceptors stimulate medulla, medulla stimulated SNS, SNS activates, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released, adrenal medulla stimulated, more epi and norepi is released, SA node is stimulated, and heart
rate goes back up ----------------------------------What happens to the heart rate parameter once blood pressure drops? once BP drops, blood volume is increased by activating the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system that makes more blood, bringing blood volume back up ---------------- ------------------What happens to the blood volume parameter once blood pressure drops? once BP drops, baroreceptors get stimulated, baroreceptors stimulate medulla, medulla activates SNS, epi and norepi released, activates all 3 muscle types(smooth, cardiac, skeletal) to contract, bringing up venous return, bringing up EDV, bringing up SV, bringing up CO, bringing up BP ----------------------------------What happens to the stroke volume parameter once blood pressure drops? once BP drops, baroreceptors get stimulated, baroreceptors stimulate medulla, medulla activates SNS, [epi and norepi are released, alpha receptors in arterial walls are activated, Ca is released and binds to smooth muscles, leads to vasoconstriction, bringing up peripheral resistance, bringing up BP], or [blood viscosity increases, bringing up PR and BP] ----------------------------------What happens to the peripheral resistance parameter once blood pressure drops? tropomyosin: long fibrous protein, rope shaped troponin: spherical protein made up of 3 subunits(Tt- troponin-tropomyosin, Ti- troponin- interaction, Tc- troponin-calcium) ----------------------------------What are tropomyosin and troponin? 2 chains of actin subunits twisted into a helix, plus 2 types of regulatory proteins: tropomyosin(strand) and troponin(ball) ----------------------------------What does a thin filament consist of? troponin and tropomyosin are bound together as one protein that is found around actin molecules ----------------------------------What is the troponin-tropomyosin complex?
