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Chapter 4-History 103 Material Type: Notes; Professor: Paquette; Class: World Since 1918; Subject: History; University: Lander University; Term: Spring 2011;
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Chapter 4 War and Revolution Page 70 Causes of WWI LONG RANGE. European conflict – rivalry especially between Germany and Great Britain. Imperialism-the act of taking over a foreign nation Britain had a world empire and Germany wanted one. Arms race—Dreadnoughts Entangling Alliances – Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary, Germany and eventually Turkey. Triple Entente made up of G. B., France, Russia, and eventually the US. The Von Schlieflen Plan – a strategic gambit to keep Germany from entering a two front war. Russian mobilization caused the plan to be put into operation with ... . IMMEDIATE CAUSE. assassination of Franz Ferdinand heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. That event gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to act and led to Austria-Hungary invades Serbia. Belgian neutrality violated by Germany bringing Great Britain. THE GREAT WAR To be over in six weeks. The six month war turned into the Great Slaughter No quick or easy victory – trench warfare MAP p. 71. WWI spread to the Mid-East, Africa British Empire became involved as well By 1917, Arab tribes were fighting against Germany’s ally, Turkey, stirred up by T. E. Lawrence. In Africa, the Allies grabbed Germany’s colonies while the Japanese took Germany possessions in the Pacific. The United States joined the Triple Entente against Germany because of.: Unrestricted submarine warfare = Lusitania May 5, 1915. Zimmerman telegram = sent by the Germans to Mexican officials promising aid if the Mexicans would attack the U. S. U. S. declared war on April 6. 1917 Total war – Increased production Rationing of food & materials (gasoline, rubber)
Conscription Propaganda Women in the work place – G. B. 1,345,100/vote in 1918 Germany as well Censorship – Defense of the Realm (DORA) (complaints against the war = prison) In Fr. civil rights suppressed In March of 1918 despite the terrible loss in 1917, General von Ludendorff tried one more big push that was defeated by the newly arrived American troops. By September informed the Kaiser that all was lost. War & Revolution in Russia Nicholas II - Lost Russo-Japanese war of 1905 little democracy, veto WWI disaster led to: inflation food shortages government corruption high casualties, 2 million 1914- March 1917 a protest began in St. Petersburg. Almost all segments of population involved – military, workers, middle class strikes and riots. Nicholas II abdicated
Self-determination = Romania, Hungary, Serbs, Croats & Slovenes = Yugoslavia Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania Poland, Czechoslovakia Results of Versailles Peace Treaty Germany saw the peace as dictated Reparations undermining economy = inflation Loss of territory (Alsace-Lorraine, Polish Corridor, the Sudetenland) Pride Establishment of Yugoslavia Germany unable to pay reparations. Results: Fr/Belgium send troops into the Ruhr Valley. Germans passive resistance = turned to violence. Inflation/middle class, those on retirement – anger led to the growth of “nationalist parties”. Example: Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Workers Party , the Nazis, Communist Party New German Government = Gustav Stresemann ended resistance in Ruhr German to carry out provisions of Versailles Treaty August 1924 DAWES PLAN and recovery reduced Germany’s reparation payments. granted Germany 200 million for recovery. encouraged US investment in Germany. successful – Germany prospered 1924 – 1929. 1926 German was allowed into the League of Nations The Great Depression 1929 Causes: Recession in Europe Crash of U. S. Stock Market fall of farm prices stock speculation overproduction, under consumption use of cheap oil in place of coal G.B. = 1 out of 4 unemployed Fr. = not badly hit economically but government unstable – 1932-1933 six cabinets. Germany = 4 million by 1930 The Great Depression renewed the attack on the government, led by extremist parties Nazis and German communists.
US = Herbert Hoover, was ousted by Democrat, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. He introduced the NEW DEAL. Tried to get public works going to employ people. Examples: Works Progress Administration Social Security Tennessee Valley Authority Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC) Much opposition to Roosevelt’s plan. Great Depression did not end until U. S. entered W. W. II. P USSR = Socialism not involved in world crises but had its own immediately after success of the revolution. Going by Karl Marx’s thinking, the new USSR needed to: Get rid itself of capitalism Indoctrinate the people Create new institutions Nationalize large industries Eliminate private land holdings New Economic Policy The USSR was not industrialized enough to follow such a dramatic change. Lenin devised the NEP as a bridge to a more “communist” society. The NEP combined socialism and capitalism – increase production by using the profit incentive the government directed both the political/economy areas including heavy industry, banking, utilities, foreign trade. The NEP worked Problem – Lenin’s health V. Lenin health problems led to a scurry for power. Two of the strongest candidates were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin Stalin succeeded Lenin selling himself as a moderate which he was not. Stalin’s impact : Once in power, Stalin began a rapid socialization of the