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NCERT Notes: Vijayanagara Empire [Medieval
Indian History Notes For UPSC]
Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka and the reign was from 1336 A.D to 1646 A.D. This article gives all the relevant information about the Vijayanagara Empire for the upcoming UPSC 2020 exam. By the end of the Sultanate Period, Multan and Bengal were the first territories to break away from the Delhi Sultanate and declare independence and many other territories in the Deccan region rose to power.
The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 A.D.)
● Harihara and Bukka are the founders of the Vijayanagar City in 1336 A.D. on the southern banks of Tungabhadra ● They made Hampi the capital city. ● They served under Vira Ballala III, the Hoysala King Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are:
- Sangama
- Saluva
- Tuluva
- Aravidu
Harihara I
● In 1336 A.D. Harihara I became the ruler of Sangama Dynasty ● He captured Mysore and Madurai. ● In 1356 A.D. Bukka-I succeeded him
Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529 A.D.)
● Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire ● According to Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller “Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be”.
Krishnadeva Raya‘s Conquests
● He conquered Sivasamudram in 1510A.D and Raichur in 1512A.D ● In 1523 A.D. he captured Orissa and Warangal ● His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east
His Contributions
● An able administrator. ● He built large tanks and canals for irrigation. ● He developed the naval power understanding the vital role of overseas trade. ● He maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and Arab traders. ● He increased the revenue of his government. ● He patronized art and architecture. ● It was during his period the Vijayanagar Empire reached its zenith of glory. ● Krishnadeva Raya was a great scholar. ● Ashtadiggajas: A group of eight scholars adorned his court and they were:
- Allasani Peddanna – the author of Manucharitram, he was also known as Andhra Kavitapitamaha
- Nandi Thimmana – the author of Parijathapaharanam
- Madayyagari Mallana
- Dhurjati
- Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra Kavi
- Pingali Surana
- Ramaraja Bhushana
- Tenali Ramakrishna
Battle of Talikota (1565 A.D.)
● The successors of Krishnadeva Raya were weak ● The combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar declared war on Vijayanagar during the rule of Aliya Rama Raya ● Aliya Rama Raya was defeated. He and his people were killed mercilessly. ● Vijayanagar was pillaged and ruined. The Glories of the Vijayanagar Empire
Administration
● Well-organized administrative system ● The king was head of all powers in the state. ● Council of Ministers – to assist the King in the work of administration. ● The Empire was divided into six Provinces. ● Naik – a Governor who administered each Province.
● They had commercial relations with the islands in the Indian Ocean, Abyssinia, Arabia, Burma, China, Persia, Portugal, South Africa, and The Malay Archipelago.
Contribution to Architecture and Literature
● The Hazara Ramasami temple and Vittalaswamy temple was built during this period ● The bronze image of Krishnadeva Raya is a masterpiece. ● Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada literature were developed. ● Sayana wrote commentaries on Vedas. ● Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada in Telugu and Usha Parinayam and Jambavathi Kalyanam in Sanskrit.
The decline of the Empire
● The rulers of the Aravidu dynasty were weak and incompetent. ● Many provincial governors became independent. ● The rulers of Bijapur and Golconda seized some areas of Vijayanagar.
