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Pharmacokinetics
The physiological movement of drugs within the body, including the mechanisms by which drugs move into, through, and out of the body. TERM 2
What are the four steps in pharmacokinetics?
DEFINITION 2 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and biotransformation TERM 3
What are the 4 basic mechanisms used to
transport substances across cell membranes?
DEFINITION 3 Passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport pinocytosis/phagocytosis TERM 4
Hydrophilic drugs
DEFINITION 4 chemicals that dissolve in water TERM 5
lipophilic drugs
DEFINITION 5 chemicals that dissolve in fats or oils
Lipophilic drugs pass through what type of
cell membrane?
phospholipid membranes TERM 7
What patient and drug factors affect chemical
absorption?
DEFINITION 7 Drug factors: Solubility, pH, and molecular sizePatient factors: Age, health status, TERM 8
Bioavailability
DEFINITION 8 Percent of drug administered that actually enters the systemic circulation. TERM 9
How does bioavailability affect the amount of
drug in the body?
DEFINITION 9 The lower the bioavailability of a drug, the less of it their is in the circulation, and subsequently the less of it there is in the tissue. TERM 10
How can the rate of absorption be affected by
the route of administration (oral vs.
parenteral)?
DEFINITION 10 Oral medications need to be broken down first before they can be absorbed, making for slower absorption, and food can change the pH of the stomach further affecting the drugs breakdown and absorption.Drugs administered parenterally are affected by tissue blood flow, and the hydrophillic nature of the drug.
13) Based on what you have learned about
drug distribution and absorption, why do you
think an obese patient would require longer
to metabolize an anesthetic agent than an
athletic patient?
Because if the drug is lipophilic, it will become stored in fat, and as the fat metabolizes the drug will continue to be redistributed to the the brain keeping the animal anesthetized for too long. TERM 17
Biotransformation
DEFINITION 17 The chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells of patients to a metabolite that is in an activated form, an inactivated form, and/or a toxic form. TERM 18
What are other names for biotransformation?
DEFINITION 18 drug metabolism drug inactivation drug detoxification TERM 19
Where is the primary site of biotransformation
in a patient?
DEFINITION 19 The liver TERM 20
What are additional sites of
biotransformation?
DEFINITION 20 Kidneys, small intestine, brain, neurologic tissue, lungs and skin.
What factors affect biotransformation?
Plasma protein binding storage in tissue and fat depots liver disease age of patient nutritional status of patient species and individual variation body temperature route of administration TERM 22
Which organs and processes are involved in
the process of elimination and excretion?
DEFINITION 22 Kidneys Liver intestine lungs milk saliva sweat
