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The significance of vertical integration in the Hollywood film industry during its Golden Age. The 'Big Five' studios, including Fox and 20th Century Pictures, controlled every stage of a film's life, from production to distribution and exhibition. By owning cinemas and forcing exhibitors to buy packages of films, they secured a near monopoly on the market. However, the end of vertical integration in 1948, due to regulatory actions and the rise of television, led to increased competition and changes in the industry.
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The end of Hollywood's Golden Age In 1948 the studios were ordered to give up their cinemas, opening the market to smaller producers. This, coupled with the advent of television in the 1950s, seriously compromised the studio system's power and profits. Hence, 1930 and 1948 are generally considered bookends to Hollywood's Golden Age, the period when these eight companies secured 95 percent of all film rentals and close to 70 percent of all box-office receipts.
Type Subsidiary of News Corporation Industry Film, television Founded 1990s Headquarters Fox Plaza, Century City, Los Angeles, California, United States Key people Jim Gianopulos, Chairman, CEO Products Motion pictures, Television programs Revenue $13.28 billion USD (2004) Operating income $2.9 billion USD (2004) Net income $1.85 billion USD (2004) Owner(s) News Corporation Employees 12,500 (2004) Parent News Corporation