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Vertebrates broken down by each new trait and detailed descriptions of each Subclass.
Typology: Study notes
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Chordates are deuterostome, segmented bilaterally, symmetrical animals that possess 4 traits:
Tunicates: invertebrate chordates, marine organisms that come in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. They are sessile filter-feeders, inhabiting the seafloor. Adult: observe pharyngeal gill slits (below) used for filter-feeding on plankton, asymmetrical, use a siphon to move and squirt water, giving them the name “sea squirts”. The notochord assists in swimming, and the adult loses this trait when it becomes sessile. Larvae: all 4 chordate characteristics seen to the right, bilateral symmetry, resembles a tadpole ->
Lancelets: small, fishlike, elongated marine organism resembling a fish but lacking jaws Twelve tiny tentacles called cirri used to sweep food into the mouth, burrow in the sand with the head exposed to dart out at plankton. They have all 4 chordate characteristics in adulthood, which is rare!
Their fatty liver keeps them floating when they stop swimming. Shark Teeth -placoid scales (modified teeth) that can be lost and re-grown, but do not increase in size.
New Adaptations: bony skeleton, gills protected by an operculum, swim bladder fills with gas to help control buoyancy, scales cannot be replaced if lost. Ctenoid scales- round with jagged edge, found on perch (below) Cycloid scales- round, found on salmon Female gonad has only 1 ovary w/ eggs Male contains 2 testes w/ sperm Observe: various fins and the lateral line (a system of sense organs used to detect movement and pressure changes), operculum, gills, heart (atrium and ventricle), liver, stomach, pyloric cecum (secretes enzymes for digestion), intestine, ovary and testes, and swim bladder.
frogs, salamanders New adaptations: terrestrial tetrapods, 3 chambered heart w/ two atria and one ventricle. Frogs: -tied to water for reproduction and gas exchange. Water is absorbed through thin skin so it must be kept moist, small lungs because other structures help with gas exchange.
-Frogs have bones like humans, but the radius and ulnar bone are fused into one radioulnar bone. -Similarly, the tibia and fibula in humans are fused into one tibiofibular leg bone. -They have long phalanges foot with skin covering makes a webbed appendage. They only have 4 phalanges instead of 5 like humans. Many frogs also have many yellow-orange structures called fat bodies in their abdomen. The larger the fat body, the better for hibernation through the cold winter months and conserving its needed energy until environmental conditions improve in the spring. Liver: produces bile, releases into the gallbladder for storage & later released during digestion to help emulsify fats. Observe the following organs: heart (two atria and one ventricle), liver (three dark lobes), gallbladder, lungs, stomach, intestines, ovaries and testes, and kidneys.
crocodiles, lizards, snakes New adaptations : amniotic egg with embryo protected by amniotic fluid, not restricted to water but adapted for life on land. They are covered in scales made of the protein keratin (found in hair and nails). Their well-developed lungs are more efficient for gas-exchange than amphibians. They are also ectotherms , and are therefore dependent on external sources for body heat. Order Testudines – Turtles -lack teeth, but use a beak to tear food, found in many different habitats. Some are completely terrestrial while others are fully or semi-aquatic.
observe the bones of the forelimb (the shortened humerus, the radius, and the ulna) and the large sternum (or keel), used for attachment of flight muscles Class Mammalia Mammals are covered in hair (composed of keratin) for thermoregulation, protection, or camouflage. They have mammary glands for milk production and differentiated teeth (teeth that are shaped differently for different purposes). Specialized structures found in some mammals
include baleen (composed of keratin), horns (composed of bone covered in keratin), and antlers (composed of bone). They are amniotes The tooth shape is related to the specific items in the diet that need to be broken down, for maximum efficiency of digestion. Herbivores have large molar teeth adapted to chewing leaves and plants, while carnivores may adapt sharper incisors to tear through meat. Horns are grown continuously throughout a bovid’s life (sheep, cow, bison) because they are made from keratin. They can be straight, pointed, or curled and striations can be seen, pointed tips, thicker in general appearance. They are not usually lost and replaced. Antlers are made of bone and are found as an extension of the skull bone on most male cervids, appear branched, thinner and straight with pointed tips. They are shed every winter and a new one grows before mating season in the next year. ← Bat skeleton: observe the bones of the forelimb (the humerus, the radius, and the ulna) and the long phalanges.
