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BIOLOGY OF ANIMALS LABORATORY
LAB # 9-A (Supplement Spring09) (Written by Dr. Olson; Modified by J.D. Wilhide, B.H. Fokidis and Dr. Alan D. Christian)
Vertebrate Comparative Anatomy and Physiology
ENDOSKELETONS
Endoskeletons around since echinoderms Ossicles and fused plates to proved rigid structure Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays) Endoskeletons of cartilaginous tissue Other Gnathostomata (jawed fish and tetrapods) Skeletons composed of “true bone” of calcium and phosphate salts Deposited by special cells called osteoblasts Provides structural support to body, surface area for muscle attachment, protection for vital organ systems, and site for red and some white blood cell production
DIVISION OF SKELETON Axial: Skull Vertebral column Sternum Appendicular Pectoral girdle and forelimbs Pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
JOINTS When bones meet 3 Types Synarthrosis Fusion of bones together Example: skull - not flexible Diarthrosis Where cartilaginous tissue separates ends of bones Example: elbow and knee – voluntarily flexible Amphiarthrosis Joint movable only under pressure Example: female pelvis during childbirth – involuntarily flexible
LABORATORY EXERCISES:
EVOLUTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONY FISH DEMONSTRATION (Example: Perch: Figure 18-10 page 287: Display) Vertebrae unspecialized, running throughout the body Boney supports within fins and the operculum Pectoral and pelvic girdles not highly developed No sternum present Flexible vertebrae designed for side to side motion Skeleton for motion primarily – limited support (water supports body)
AMPHIBIAN DEMONSTRATION (Ex Bullfrogs: Figure 19-3 page 303: Display) Fins become tetrapod legs – must support body weight Decreased vertebral flexibility Enlargement and differentiation of pelvic and pectoral girdles Fusion of appendicular bones (ex tibiofibula and radioulna) No sternum present (no rib cage)
REPTILE DEMONSTRATION (Ex Turtle; Figure 20-1 page 320; Display) Skull enlarged and reinforced with muscles for food capture Lizard bites harder than salamander Enlargement of ribs – development of sternum to hold in place Further differentiation of pelvic and pectoral girdles with emphasis on support of body weight
AVIAN DEMONSTRATION (Example Pigeon; Figure 21-1 page 326; Display) Bones are hollow with struts found with long bones to decrease overall weight Enlargement of sternum into a keel to provide more surface area for flight muscle attachment “Wishbone” or furcula prevents crushing of organs during upstroke
MAMMAL DEMONSTRATION (Examples Cat; Figure 22-2 page 333; Display) Elongated appendages or long bones – epiphysis (“cap”) and diaphysis (“shaft”) Different bones elongated to different degrees for varying tasks Example: bat phalanges versus human phalanges
How does the skeletal structure of a fish differ from the tetrapods?
Based on your observations and readings about what differences do you see among groups in terms of structure and function of the skeletal system and bones?
BIOLOGY OF ANIMALS LABORATORY
LAB # 9-B ( Supplement FA08 ) (Written by Dr. Olson; Modified by J.D. Wilhide, B.H. Fokidis and Dr. Alan D. Christian)
Vertebrate Comparative Anatomy and Physiology
MUSCLES
Frogs muscles designed for 2 things:jumping and swimming Both activities require substantial muscle power Frogs, like other vertebrates have hundreds of muscles You will be responsible for only the obvious and important ones READ: Before getting into the muscles, define the following terms that will help in understanding the structure and function of muscles (Lab manual page 303; Exercise 19C) Rectus
Gracilis
Tricepts
Bicepts
Longus
Brevis
Magnus or major
Anticus
Sartorius
READ: Lab manual pages 336 -337 (Exercise 22B) for general vertebrate muscle terms and define the following: Origin
Insertion
Action
Tendon
Ligament
Fascia
Flexor (Flexion)
Extensor (Extension)
Adductor (Adduction)
Abductor (Abduction)
Levator
Depressor
Protractor
Retractor
Rotation (Rotator)
LABORATORY EXERCISES:
LAB. MAN.: EXERCISE #19C; Pages 303-306.
Know the frog muscles listed below and on the diagrams on page 19-4 and 19-5 and from doing the dissection in Exercise 19C. KEEP THE FROGS FOR NEXT WEEK’s DISSECTION
TRUNK MUSCLES: (Ventral view: 19-4) rectus abdominus, linea alba, external oblique, cutaneius pectoralis, pectoralis major, (Dorsal view: Figure 19-5) longissimus dorsi, latissimus dorsi, dorsalis scapulae, gluteus
What is the origin, insertion and action of the pectoralis, rectus abdominis, and external oblique muscles? (Table 19-1 – page 305)
THIGH MUSCLES: (Ventral view: Figure 19-4) adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis major, gracilis minor sartorius; (Dorsal view: Figure 19-5) Semimembranosus; gluteus, triceps femoris, biceps femoris.
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis major, sartorius, semimembranosus; gluteus, and triceps femoris muscles? (Table 19-1 – page 305)
