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Vertebrate Biology - Introduction to Biology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Biology

These are the lecture slides of Introduction to Biology. Key important points are: Vertebrate Biology, Phylum Chordata, Class Chondrichthyes, Class Placodermi, Class Osteichthyes, Possess Medial Nostril, Hagfish Characteristics, Lamprey Characteristics, Modern Sharks

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/18/2013

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Classification

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Subphylum Vertebrata

tunicates lancets^ Agnathans Fish Sharks tetrapods

Class Agnatha , the jawless fishes Subclass (or order) Cyclostomata, the lampreys and hagfishes.

Class Chondrichthyes , the cartilaginous-skeleton fishes Subclass Holocephali, the chimaeras, or ratfishes Subclass Elasmobranchii, the sharks, skates, and rays

Class Placodermi

Class Acanthodii

Class Osteichthyes , the bony fishes Subclass Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes Superorder Chondrostei, the primitive ray-finned bony fishes: sturgeons, paddlefish, and bichirs Superorder Holostei or Neopterygii, the intermediate ray-finned fishes: gars and the bowfin Superorder Teleostei or Neopterygii, the advanced bony fishes: herring, salmon, perch. Subclass Crossopterygii, the coelacanth Subclass Dipnoi or Dipneusti, the lungfishes

  • Lack jaws, paired fins, scales
  • Possess medial nostril, medial fins,

notocord rather than vertebral column

Class Agnatha

Lamprey Characteristics

  • Oral disc/buccal funnel, with epidermal denticles and rasping tongue; active "predatory parasites”
  • No bone
  • Nostril on top of head
  • Well-developed vertebrate eyes
  • Well-developed Lateral Line system
  • Best developed pineal “eye” of any aquatic vertebrate;
  • 2 pairs of semicircular canals;
  • Uniformly 7 pairs of gills
  • Cranium cartilaginous, open on top
  • Opisthonephros
  • Eggs deposited in freshwater; freshwater larva; many species have freshwater adult, but most migrate to sea and have marine adult stage (anadromous).

Characteristics

  • Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins
  • Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth
  • Possesses 5-7 gills
  • Spiral valve intestine
  • Ureoosmotic strategy
  • Lateral line
  • No swim bladder
  • Heterocercal tail
  • Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)

Sharks, skates, rays, chimera

Class Chondrichthyes

Ovipary - eggs enclosed in capsule; eggs are laid and hatched outside the mother

Ovovipary - give birth to young, eggs develop in uterus

Vivipary - give birth to young, placental connection

  • Totally fossil, early jawed fishes;
  • Bony armor usually present around head-trunk, generally flattened body, tend to be bottom-adapted with eyes rather dorsal (other various designs);
  • No true teeth
  • Notochord persistent, un-constricted.

Class Placodermi

  • ganoid scales (don’t form rings as they grow)
  • heterocercal tail
  • persistent notochord; centra absent or cartilage rings
  • large mouth, long maxilla attached at rear
  • open spiracle

Superorder Chondrostei

  • L.Permian-Recent, but mostly Juras. & Cretac.;
  • Abbreviated heterocercal tail, often symmetric caudal fin;
  • Ganoid or cycloid scales
  • Single dorsal swim bladder, hydrostatic & respiratory; physostomous;
  • No open spiracle
  • Vertebral centra often at least partly ossified, constricting persistent notochord;
  • More modernized jaws (than Chondrosteans) - maxilla shorter, free at rear; shorter mouth

Superorder Holostei

Acanthostega

  • First complete tetrapod with free digits
    • eight digits on each hand
  • Retained “fishy” characters:
    • gills
    • tail fin
    • Partial connection between skull and

pectoral girdle

  • Labyrinthodont teeth
  • Lateral line
  • Ulna shorter than radius

Ichthyostega

Transition fossil from fw Crossopterygian to tetrapod

Class Amphibia

Characteristics

  • Cold blooded
  • Returns to water to breed
  • Metamorphosis
  • Some toxic
  • Estivation-dry and hot
  • Hibernation- cold

3,500 species

Class Amphibia

“Canaries in the coal mine”

  • Habitat destruction
  • Introduced species
  • Pollution
  • Pesticide use
  • Diseases
  • Over-harvesting
  • Climate change
  • Increased UV radiation