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Vander's Human Physiology - Final Exam
stenosis - Correct answer turbulent flow can be caused by blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve. insufficiency - Correct answer blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve. MAP - Correct answer Mean arterial pressure - average pressure during the cycle (MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP) SP - systolic pressure - Correct answer maximum arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection DP - diastolic pressure - Correct answer the minimal arterial pressure occurs just before ventricular ejection begins Pulse Pressure - Correct answer the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. The most important factors determining the magnitude of the pulse pressure. - Correct answer 1) stroke volume
- speed of ejection of stroke volume
- arterial compliance capillaries - Correct answer permeate every tissue of body (except cornea). major sites of nutrient, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissues.
hemoglobin - Correct answer erythrocytes contain large amounts of this protein with which O2 and CO2 reversibly combine. Oxygen binds to iron atoms Fe2+ in the hemoglobin molecules. iron - Correct answer gets stored mainly in liver, bound up in a protein called ferritin ventilation - Correct answer exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by Bulk Flow exchange of O2 and CO2 - Correct answer between alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries by Diffusion transport of O2 and CO2 - Correct answer through pulmonary and systemic circulation by Bulk Flow Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue capillaries - Correct answer by Diffusion cellular utilization - Correct answer of O2 and production of CO Hypoventilation - Correct answer defect anywhere along the respiratory control pathway from the medulla through the respiratory muscles hypoventilation may be caused by: - Correct answer severe thoracic cage abnormalities hypoventilation may be caused by: - Correct answer major obstruction of the upper airway. Increased arterial PCO2 - Correct answer the hypoxemia of hypoventilation is always accompanied by a?
-removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine Erythropoietin - Correct answer A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D - Correct answer Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) - Correct answer Hormone secreted by the liver, promotes growth in bones, cartilage, soft tissues and organs Insulin - Correct answer A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues Glucagon - Correct answer A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. parathyroid hormone (PTH) - Correct answer regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism pineal gland - Correct answer secretes melatonin leptin - Correct answer A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells function/control: appetite; metabolic rate; reproduction Cortisol - Correct answer stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex Androgens - Correct answer male sex hormones, released by adrenal cortex
aldosterone - Correct answer Na+ and K+ excretion by kidneys; extracellular water balance, released by adrenal cortex epinephrine and norepinephrine - Correct answer organic metabolism; cardiovascular function; response to stress (fight or flight) Atria - Correct answer chambers through which blood flows from veins to ventricles. Atrial contraction adds to ventricle filling (but is not essential for it). ventricles - Correct answer chambers whose contractions produce the pressures that drive blood thru pulmonary and systemic vascular systems and back to the heart. arteries - Correct answer low-resistance tubes conducting blood to the various organs with little loss in pressure. They also act as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow during ventricular relaxation. arterioles - Correct answer major sites of resistance to flow, responsible for the patter of blood flow distribution to the various organs; participate in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. venules - Correct answer sites of nutrient, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissues. veins - Correct answer low-resistance conduits for blood flow back to the heart. Their capacity for blood is adjusted to facilitate this flow. plasma - Correct answer liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins. Its
target: most cell types function: stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins (innate response) interleukin 2 - Correct answer source: most immune cells target: Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, B cells function: stimulate proliferation, promote conversion to plasma cells Interleukin-1 & Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha interleukin 6 - Correct answer source: antigen-presenting cells (such as macrophages) target: helper T cells, certain brain cells, numerous systemic cells function: stimulate IL-2 receptor expression; induce fever, stimulate systemic responses to inflammation, infection, and injury Helper T cells - Correct answer secrete cytokines that help to activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages Cytotoxic T cells - Correct answer bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target cells (virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue transplants) and directly destroy the cells B cells - Correct answer 1. initiate antibody-mediated immune responses by binding specific antigens to the B cell's plasma membrane receptors, which are immunoglobulins.
- Upon activation, are transformed into plasma secrete antibodies.
- present antigens to helper T cells. Lymphocytes - Correct answer site: mature in bone marrow (B cells and NK cells) thymus (T cells) activated in peripheral lymphoid organs
function: serve as recognition cells in specific immune responses and are essential for all aspects of these responses. monocytes - Correct answer site: bone marrow function: carry out functions in blood similar to those of macrophages in tissues. Enter tissues and transform into macrophages. Eosinophils - Correct answer site: bone marrow function: destroy multicellular parasites participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions basophils - Correct answer site: bone marrow function: carry out functions in blood similar to those of mast cells in tissues. neutrophils - Correct answer site: bone marrow function: phagocytes release chemicals involved in inflammation (vasodilators, chemotaxins, etc) angiotensin ii - Correct answer site: blood function: blood pressure; production of aldosterone from adrenal cortex calcitonin - Correct answer site: thyroid function: plasma Ca2+ in some vertebrates (role in humans is unclear) Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - Correct answer site: thyroid function: metabolic rate; growth; brain development and function
function: stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Correct answer site: anterior pituitary gland function: stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones GH (growth hormone/somatotropin) - Correct answer site: anterior pituitary gland function: stimulates growth in body cells Targets: bone, cartilage, liver, muscle Stimulates somatic growth Increases use of fats for energy CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) - Correct answer Stimulates secretion of ACTH TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) - Correct answer promotes TSH and PRL secretion GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) - Correct answer stimulates release of growth hormone produced in the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as insulin and glucagon - Correct answer SST (somatostatin) GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) - Correct answer stimulates release of FSH and LH DA (dopamine) - Correct answer inhibits secretion of prolactin ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - Correct answer site: heart function excretes Na+ by kidneys, thus decrease blood pressure androgen - Correct answer Male sex hormone
inhibin - Correct answer inhibits secretion of FSH MIS (mullerian inhibiting substance) - Correct answer regression of mullerian ducts estroidal (estrogen) - Correct answer secreted by LH progesterone - Correct answer primary function to promote endometrium lining and maintaining pregnancy relaxin - Correct answer a hormone secreted by the placenta that causes the cervix to dilate and prepares the uterus for the action of oxytocin during labor. gastrin - Correct answer Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice from the stomach and provides motility ghrelin - Correct answer A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach secretin - Correct answer Digestive hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid in duodenum. CCK (cholecystokinin) - Correct answer increases release of bile when there is an increase of lipids or proteins GIP- glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide - Correct answer stimulates insulin release GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) - Correct answer -promotes insulin release from pancreatic beta cells -inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent nerves
respiratory acidosis - Correct answer H+ increases HCO3- increases CO2 increases Cause of HCO3- change: renal compensation Cause of CO2 change: primary abnormality respiratory alkalosis - Correct answer H+ decreases HCO3- decreases CO2 - decreases Cause of HCO3- change: renal compensation Cause of CO2 change: primary abnormality metabolic acidosis - Correct answer H+ increases HCO3- decreases CO2 decreases Cause of HCO3- change: primary abnormality Cause of CO2 change: reflex ventilatory compensation metabolic alkalosis - Correct answer H+ decreases HCO3- increases CO2 increases Cause of HCO3- change: primary abnormality Cause of CO2 change: reflex ventilatory compensation absorptive state - Correct answer ingested nutrients are entering the bloodstream, and glucose is readily available for ATP production postabsorptive state - Correct answer absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete, and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body Glucose - Correct answer the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Gluconeogenesis - Correct answer The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids. glucogenolysis - Correct answer breakdown of glycogen to glucose glucogenesis - Correct answer production of glucose Lypolysis - Correct answer Breakdown of triglycerides (fat) for energy ketones - Correct answer Fragments formed by the tissues during incomplete use of fat for energy, and released into the blood. peristaltic waves - Correct answer sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow Peristalsis - Correct answer Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system. digestion - Correct answer The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules digestive secretions - Correct answer Substances released at different places in the GI tract to speed the breakdown of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Absorption - Correct answer The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
lubrication and protection large intestine - Correct answer storage and concentration of undigested matter; absorption of salt and water; mixing and propulsion of contents; defecation, mucus lubrication saliva - Correct answer moistens and lubricates food initiates small amount of digestion of polysaccharides by amylase dissolves a small amount of food kills bacteria chief cells - Correct answer secrete pepsinogen enteroendocrine cells - Correct answer produce gastrin ECL cells - Correct answer secrete histamine parietal cells - Correct answer secrete HCl and intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor (IF) - Correct answer A protein secreted by the stomach that helps in the absorption of vitamin B Lipase - Correct answer pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats Amylase - Correct answer enzyme that breaks down starch Chyme - Correct answer Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach. Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) - Correct answer adrenal cortex does not produce enough hormone (cortisol or aldosterone) acute or chronic
Cushing's syndrome - Correct answer caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol negative feedback system - Correct answer A reaction that causes a decrease in function in response to some kind of stimulus. hypothyroidism - Correct answer A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal hyperthyroidism - Correct answer excessive activity of the thyroid gland Tidal Volume (TV) - Correct answer amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - Correct answer Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - Correct answer Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation Boyle's Law - Correct answer A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature Fat soluble vitamins - Correct answer Vitamins A, D, E, K water soluble vitamins - Correct answer B vitamins and vitamin C pepsin - Correct answer An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins
convection - Correct answer is the process whereby conductive heat loss or gain is aided by movement of the air or water next to the body. evaporation - Correct answer of water from the skin and membranes lining the respiratory tract is the other major process causing loss of body heat. Residual Volume (RV) - Correct answer Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation Vital Capacity (VC) - Correct answer amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration (ERV + TV + IRV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Correct answer Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (TV + IRV) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - Correct answer volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration (RV + ERV) Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - Correct answer maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort (RV + VC)
