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UWF EDF6225 FOUNDATIONS OF ABA
EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 140
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS
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According to Iwata, _______ might be considered more intrusive than punishment because, with negative reinforcement, presentation of the aversive stimulus is contingent on the absence, rather than the occurrence, of behavior. negative reinforcement B.F. Skinner is credited with developing what Watson previously described into the actual science of behavior by conducting thousands of experiments that demonstrated orderly and reliable relationships between behavior and the ________. This work was published in the _______ (1938/1966) and should be added to every behavior analyst's library. environment; JABA
In the early 1900's the struggling field of psychology was based on introspection and states of _________ , relying on case studies to document work. Consciousness What is Accidentalism? The idea that events occur by accident or without cause. What is Fatalism? the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. The scientific discovery of functional relations and use of these discoveries to improve things would be impossible. what are the the components of applied behavior analysis?
**- applied
removed from class when she can't run then we would stop the consequences when she Tantrums. probably best to look at the environment first before looking at consequences because of sensory overload could be the antecedent for responses or behaviors that are considered unpleasant or aggressive. Maybe shift environment for someone with sensory overload. What is Empiricism? The practice of object observation of the phenomena or interest. The basis on which all scientific knowledge is built from. _______ is ensuring we consider the simplest, most logical explanation of a phenomenon before more complex explanations are considered. Parsimony What is parsimony?
all simple explanations are ruled out before more complex or abstract explanations are considered. what does it mean to replicate a study? done the exact same way each time. The _____dimension of ABA was summarized by Baer et al. (1968): "applied research is constrained to examining behaviors which are _____ important, rather than convenient for study" (p. 92). These are other wise known as _______. current; socially; socially signifigant ______ is the dimension in which we are certain that we not only changed behavior, but we know whose behavior changed. behavioral
______ is the golden standard of our procedures. It simply means that the intervention not only changed the behavior in a particular setting, with a particular person, but that in generalized to other environments and it maintained long after we exited the picture. generality When a stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is known as ______ reinforcement. positive _______ _________ is when stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decreases. positive punishment When a stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is know as ________. negative reinforcement.
When a _______ is added and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is known as positive reinforcement stimulus ______punishment is when stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decreases. (2) positive (2) When a stimulus is _______ and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is know as negative reinforcement. removed Positive ______ is when stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decreases. punishment
When a stimulus is ____ and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is known as positive _____ added. reinforcement ______punishment is when a stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior______ positive; decrease _______reinforcement is when a stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior negative Reinforcement theory is a ________. That means all of its components are defined by their function (how they work) rather than by their ________ (how they look). functional theory; structure
describe the technological component of aba.
- written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it.
- all operative procedures are identified and described in detail and clearly. Positive reinforcement is a functional relation defined by a two- term contingency: A response is followed immediately by the ________ of a stimulus, and, as a result, similar responses occur more ________ in the future. presentation; frequently The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called a _______. A delay (as long as even one second) can _______ the intended effects of a stimulus because it allows for another, unintended stimulus to happen prior to the intended stimulus. reinforcement;
The refrigerator may typically signal the availability of food and food could be considered a _________ if you are hungry. reinforcer Your hunger is not contingent on the availability of the refrigerator - it can happen anywhere. Your hunger is considered a ______________. motivating operation Your refrigerator may be available when you are not hungry. It is always there. Your refrigerator is simply a signal for the availability of reinforcement, otherwise known as the ________. discriminative stimuli _____________ are stimuli that function as reinforcement without requiring a learning history. These stimuli are the
product of phylogenic development, meaning that all members of a species are susceptible to the same properties of stimuli. unconditioned reinforcers ___________________ are previously neutral stimuli that function as reinforcers as a result of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers. conditioned reinforcers A _________________is a conditioned reinforcer that has a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. generalized conditioned reinforcer As Skinner (1989) pointed out, the powerful reinforcer "does not need to be ______ for instructional purposes; it is unrelated to any particular kind of behavior and hence always available. We call it success." (p.91). contrived
postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called "________ ". escape; avoidance Escape _________ as an intervention may actually backfire and shape more dangerous behavior maintained behavior According to Ruddle et al. (as cited in Iwata, 1987), positively reinforced behavior may compete with, but will not suppress _______ or _______ responding that is reinforced concurrently. escape; avoidance Punishment has occurred when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and ______ the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.
decreases Punishment is defined neither by the actions of the person delivering the consequences nor by the nature of those consequences. A decrease in the future frequency of occurrence of the behavior must be observed before consequent-based intervention qualifies as _________. punishment ________has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the removal of a stimulus immediately following a behavior. negative punishment ________ has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the presentation of a stimulus immediately following a behavior. positive punishment
to believe that punishment does not teach anything because it effectively teaches avoidance and _______ (Sidman, 1993). punishment; escape Punishment must be paired with _____. The power of punishment techniques is that they can rapidly ______ an individual's rate of problem behaviors. But merely suppressing unacceptable behaviors is not enough: the individual should also be taught appropriate and functional behaviors. reinforcement; decrease Negative punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the _______ of a stimulus immediately following a behavior. removal
Because aversive events are associated ________ with and with ________ , the term aversive control is often used to describe interventions involving either or both of these contingencies. positive punishment; negative reinforcement _________ , which is when a person or device blocks a response to prevent it from completing, would be considered _______ (based on evidence from behavior decreasing). response blocking; (i answered "positive" and it said correct but i think it is actually punishment; "punishment") ________ is defined as withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time. This would be considered _______ punishment (based on evidence from behavior decreasing). time out "from positive reinforcement"; negative
