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UTA PATHO FINAL ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
"Alternative name for Down syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER=> Trisomy 21" "3 single gene disorders - CORRECT ANSWER=> autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, sex-linked" "Carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER=> malignant epithelium (Skin cancer)" "Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER=> abnormal growth of cells, tissues, bone, or an organ" "McCardle's disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> a glycogen storage disease S/S Muscle pain, weakness,cramps, exercise intolerance" "Beriberi disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lack of thiamine (B1)causing problems with Memory and parasthesia etiology: alcoholism, poor diet S/S SOB, swollen legs, pain" "Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER=> Autosomal recessive disease mutates RBC C shaped S/S SOB, fatigue, ischemia esp, in joints" "Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER=> Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another" "Kwashiorkor - CORRECT ANSWER=> protein malnutrition from diet
S/S swollen belly in children, frequent infection" "Sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER=> malignant connective tissue (bones, soft tissue)" "Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER=> abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ" "Wernicke sydrome - CORRECT ANSWER=> B1 thiamine deficiency due to alcoholism" "Venous stasis from congestion causes - CORRECT ANSWER=> increased hydrostatic pressure leading to: edema varicose veins(twisted veins)" "S/S of Edema - CORRECT ANSWER=> dry tight skin, brownish discoloration, venous ulcers" "CVI factors - CORRECT ANSWER=> Age, inherited predisposition, obesity, pregnancy, poor muscle tone from immobility" "Thrombophlebitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation and swelling of vein from clot(DVT)" "Virchow's Triad is present in people who - CORRECT ANSWER=> Sit for long periods have casts pregnant obese on diuretic medication have preexisiting problems such as circulation, clotting probs" "Pulmonary Embolism S/S - CORRECT ANSWER=> Can occur due to DVT chest pain SOB hemoptysis shock" "Treating venous probs (DVT,PE) - CORRECT ANSWER=> mobility hydration elevate legs blood thinners"
Renal (spilling of blood or protein into urine eventually leading to renal failure) Cardiovascular (increased workload stiffens arteries leading to high BP)" "hematuria - CORRECT ANSWER=> blood in urine due to high pressures" "proteinuria - CORRECT ANSWER=> protein found in urine due to high pressure" "Aneurysms - CORRECT ANSWER=> dilated or out-pouching of arterial vessel wall from weakened arterial walls injury to the intima allowing blood to seep into arterial muscles and tissues" "Aneurysm S/S - CORRECT ANSWER=> if leaks or ruptures in brain weakness on one side of the body change in level of consciousness headache" "How to prevent HTN/ arterial disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> manage stress, smoking, alcohol Lower LDL and HDL exercise increase good fat Beta-blockers to help sympathetic overactivity ACE inhibitor to help RAAS overactivity" "RUQ contains - CORRECT ANSWER=> liver&gall bladder, part of pancreas, part of transverse colon" "LUQ contains - CORRECT ANSWER=> part of stomach, spleen, part of transverse colon" "RLQ contains - CORRECT ANSWER=> cecum, appendix, part of ascending colon" "LLQ contains - CORRECT ANSWER=> Part of descending colon, sigmoid colon" "Umbilical region contains - CORRECT ANSWER=> lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum"
"epigastric area contains - CORRECT ANSWER=> pyloric area of stomach, duodenum, art of pancreas" "Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) - CORRECT ANSWER=> reflux of hydrochloric acid and pepsin from stomach into esophagus--due to relaxation of lower esophageal sphinctor" "Barrett's esophagus - CORRECT ANSWER=> Tissue in esophagus becomes dysplastic (precancerous) due to GERD" "Hiatal heria - CORRECT ANSWER=> stomach herniates through the diaphragm causing GERD, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)" "Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation of gastric tissue can cause erosion S/S pain, burning, bleeding" "acute gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER=> results from overuse of NSAIDS (suppress protective prostaglandins) or ETOH (alcohol) heals once offending agent is removed" "Chronic gastritis (atrophic gastritis) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Autoimmune etiology occurs in elderly DEVELOP pernicious anemia" "Peptic Ulcer disease (PUD) - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation of stomach and proximal duodenum mucosal lining allowing acid to ulcerate underlying tissue causing ULCERS" "Causes of PUD - CORRECT ANSWER=> ASA(aspirin) NSAID ALl DECREASE PROSTAGLANDINS Chronic steroids Heavy alcohol use chronic disease such as liver,CKD,diabetes Psychological stress H.Pylori"
S/S colicky abdominal pain constipation" "causes of bowl obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER=> adhesions (scaring) hernia tumor intussusception ( telescope portion of bowel cutting blood) volvulus (tortion) paralytic ileus (loss of motion)" "Paralytic illus caused by - CORRECT ANSWER=> post anesthesia, abdominal surgery. electrolyte imbalance, spinal trauma" "Diverticulum/ diverticulosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> herniation of mucosa from muscle layer of intestine protruding out No symtoms" "Diverticulitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation and pain of diverticula S/S LLQ pain, feve, leukocytosis abscess formation, rupture TX increase fiber, avoid seeds/nuts, anitbiotics'" "UGI - CORRECT ANSWER=> bleeding from upper GI esophagus, stomach, deodenum S/S hematemesis( vomit) frank bleeding (brown color, partially digested) Occult bleeding (trace amount from chronic bleeding)" "LGI - CORRECT ANSWER=> bleeding from lower GI jejunum, ileum. colon IBD, diverticulitis, neoplasms"
"Hematochezia - CORRECT ANSWER=> blood in the stool" "Jaundice - CORRECT ANSWER=> alteration in bilirubin cycle where it gets deposited in various places manifesting as yellow-green skin Prehepatic, hepatic, posthepatic" "Prehepatic Jaundice - CORRECT ANSWER=> increased unconjugated bilirubin which occurs when hemolysis rate is faster then livers ability to process bilirubin hemolytic anemia( decreased RBC bc of destruction) or erythroblastosis fetalis" "Posthepatic jaundice (obstructive) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Increased conjugated bilirubin(direct bilirubin) problem with bilirubin making into intestines due to obstruction or inflammation (ex:tumor) backs up and leaks from liver cells into circulation Makes stool grey" "Hepatic jaundice - CORRECT ANSWER=> increased unconj bili from cirrhosis or hepatitis so liver cannot conjuate and conjuate bili is low" "Prehepatic Blood test - CORRECT ANSWER=> bili serum- high Indirect (unconjugated bili)- high direct bili-normal" "posthepatic blood test - CORRECT ANSWER=> bili serum- high Indirect (unconjugated bili)- normal direct bili- high" "hepatic blood test - CORRECT ANSWER=> bili serum-high or norm Indirect (unconjugated bili)- high direct bili-low" "Cholecystitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation of gall bladder caused by stones from cholesterol increase
"cirrhosis patho - CORRECT ANSWER=> Diminished hepatocyte function leading to -nutritional problems (glyconeogenesis, glycogenolysis) -protein depletion probs (low protein lead to ascites(B-T abdomen) and less clotting factor -metabolism probs incuding ammonia, drugs, hormones -Portal HTN" "Hempatic encephalopathy - CORRECT ANSWER=> result of cirrhosis- cannot metabloize ammonia leading to toxic levels in CNS leading to brain inflammation S/S lack of mental awareness, confusion, coma" "Asterixis - CORRECT ANSWER=> liver flap-- flapping tremor of hands as result of cirrhosis" "Ascites - CORRECT ANSWER=> increased back pressure into portal veins-increased hydrostatic pressure- fluid into abdominal cavity" "Splenomegaly - CORRECT ANSWER=> shunting of blood into splenic vein enlarges spleen develops hypersplenism (breakdown of RBC, WBC, thrombocytes" "Varices - CORRECT ANSWER=> enlarged, thin walled veins worse in esophagus bc it can easily rupture and bleed to death" "Tests for Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> check bilirubin levels elevated serum liver enzymes check" "Treatment for liver disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> enhance nutrition, no alcohol, give diuretics to move T-B IV albumin control ammoina protect against infection, trauma, liver transplant" "WHen HR is faster than normal - CORRECT ANSWER=> SNS fight or flight (epinephrine secreted binds to beta receptors) Hyperkalemia causing hyopolarization
SA, AV node glitches" "When HR is slwoer than normal - CORRECT ANSWER=> PNS slows digestion/urination Vagus nerve secretes acetylcholine decreasing HR Hypokalemia causing hyperpolarization Blockage of the Righ coronary artery that feeds the nodes" "Dysrthythmia - CORRECT ANSWER=> irregular HR from: ischemic tissue electrolyte imbalance wear n tear" "Atrial fibrilation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Atria quiver due to heart disease occurs during slightly ischemic" "Afib sequela - CORRECT ANSWER=> Small but significant decrease in CO (when atria cant properly contract CO diminishes) Pooling of blood in atria( blood gets sludgy becomes thrombi maybe emboli)" "Ventricular fibrilation - CORRECT ANSWER=> chaotic impulses in ventricles extremely deadly bc results in no CO S/S No organized contraction- no blood flow-no pulse-no perfusion-unconsciousness-death" "increased afterload - CORRECT ANSWER=> makes it harder for ventricles to eject blood RV atherosclerosis of pulmonary artery& lung disorders LV athero of aorta &peripheral arterial vasoconstriction, HTN, High BV-- usually related to peripheral arterial vasodialtion (ex: anaphalaxis)" "Coronary artery disease (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWER=> coronary arteries are narrowed riskfactors: HTN&atherosclerosis elevated (C-reactive protein) CRP linked to inflammation ofplaque formation" "Angina - CORRECT ANSWER=> intensity varies according to how much ischemia, pain is exacerbated by exersice"
S/S swelling, redness, warm" "Virchow's Triad - CORRECT ANSWER=> Venous stasis- Hypercoaguability- vascular wall injury" "Pulmonary Embolism - CORRECT ANSWER=> S/S SOB bloody sputum, right heart backflow" "Arterial insufficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> Plaque build up,hardening of walls etiology: genetics, lack of exercise, diet, alcoholism, smoking" "Peripheral Arterial disease (PAD) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Narrowed blood vessels cause lack of blood flow S/S Pain, Paresthesia (prickly burning), Pallor (unhealthily pale)" "Terratogenic influences on pregnant woman - CORRECT ANSWER=> drugs, alcohol"
