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US history STAAR Review booklet Exam-
Graded A
July 4, 1776 - ANS-declares independence from Great Britain 1898 - ANS-Spanish American War. U.S. becomes a World Power 1914 - ANS-World War I begins in Europe 1917 - ANS-US joins WWI October 29, 1929 - ANS-Black Tuesday. The stock market crashes signaling the beginning of the Great Depression November 11, 1918 - ANS-WWI ends September 1, 1939 - ANS-Hitler invades Poland. WWII begins December 7, 1941 - ANS-Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. U.S. enters WWII the following day August 6, 1945 - ANS-U.S. drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima August 9, 1945 - ANS-U.S. drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki August 15, 1945 - ANS-Japan surrenders to the Allied Powers. WWII ends 1957 - ANS-Soviet Union successful launch of Sputnik. Space race begins November 22, 1963 - ANS-John F. Kennedy is assassinated April 4, 1968 - ANS-Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated July 20, 1969 - ANS-U.S. lands on the moon ending the space race 1991 - ANS-Cold war ends August 2005 - ANS-Hurricane Katrina caused devastation in New Orleans 2008 - ANS-First African American President elected, Barack Obama
Unalienable Rights - ANS-Rights that cannot be taken away: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. "E Pluribus Unum" - ANS-suggested by Congress on July 4, 1776 as a seal for the United States and selected in 1782; "Out of many, One" the United States and selected in 1782 - ANS-"Out of many, One" "In God We Trust" - ANS-nation's motto since 1956 "More Perfect Union" - ANS-the states agree to operate as a single country and cooperate on major issues. National ethos - ANS-(ideology): the "American Dream" (freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work) patriotism - ANS-cultural attachment to one's country American Exceptionalism - ANS-America has had such a unique history from other nations which stems from its emergence from a revolution civic responsibility - ANS-active participation in the public life of a community in an informed, committed, and constructive manner, with a focus on the common good. Alexis de Tocqueville - ANS-5 values crucial to America's success as a constitutional republic: egalitarianism (equality), populism (popular sovereignty), liberty (freedom from tyrannical government but devoted to rule of law), individualism (free to flourish without distinction and can rise in society), and laissez-faire (government's "hands-off" approach to the economy) constitutional republic - ANS-is a state in which the head of state and other officials are representatives of the people and must govern according to existing constitutional law that limits the government's power over citizens Declaration of Independence (1776) - ANS-The Bill of Rights and the Constitution address grievances from the Declaration of Independence. It also lists the unalienable rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, written by Thomas Jefferson. 1787 - ANS-Delegates from the thirteen states drafted the U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia Ratification - ANS-to formally approve to go into effect, 9 out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution The Preamble - ANS-is the introduction of the Constitution that states its purpose.
10th amendment - ANS-Powers that have not been dealt with are reserved for the states. 13th amendment - ANS-Slavery abolished (free) 14th amendment - ANS-All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens 15th amendment - ANS-Right to vote 16th amendment - ANS-Legalized a direct income tax 17th amendment - ANS-Direct election of Senators by the people, not state legislatures 18th amendment - ANS-Prohibition 19th amendment - ANS-Women gained the right to vote 21st amendment - ANS-Repeal of prohibition 24th amendment - ANS-Abolished state poll taxes in federal elections 26th amendment - ANS-National voting age set at 18 Mendez v. Westminster (1947) - ANS-segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional. Delgado v. Bastrop ISD (1948) - ANS-segregation of children of Mexican descent in Texas illegal. Sweatt v. Painter (1950) - ANS-ruled the separate law school at the University of Texas failed to qualify as "separate but equal" because the isolation of its students prevented them from interacting with other future lawyers Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) - ANS-overturned Plessy; mandated desegregation Hernandez v. Texas (1954) - ANS-Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Tinker v. Des Moines (1965) - ANS-students who wore armbands protesting the Vietnam War represented pure speech that is entirely separate from the actions or conduct of those participating in it and that the students did not lose their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they stepped onto school property Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - ANS-police required to inform all criminal suspects of the constitutional rights
Edgewood ISD v. Kirby (1989) - ANS-required changes in school finance to increase funding for students in poorer school districts Roe v. Wade (1973) - ANS-gave women right to terminate a pregnancy in the 1st 3 months of pregnancy under their right to privacy White v. Regester (1973) - ANS-voting districts in Texas should reflect the population that lives in the district Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) - ANS-Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education past 8th grade Gold Rush - ANS-Hundreds of thousands migrated from the East to "strike it rich": California, Klondike (Yukon) and others Great Plains - ANS-Grassland of Central North America that extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Homestead Act (1862) - ANS-Law that provided 160 acres to anyone who was willing to settle land in the West. Cattle Drives - ANS-Demand for beef increased, cowboys drove cattle along trails to be shipped East by railroad. Famous trails include the Chisholm and Goodnight-Loving. Sod house - ANS-a house built of mud and grass that was settled because of a lack of wood on the Great Plains. Barbed wire - ANS-Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. Buffalo - ANS-The Great Plains Indians relied on the buffalo to continue their way of life. When the buffalo was killed off, so was the lifestyle of the Plains Indians. Reservations - ANS-Plots of land given to Native Americans to live on as white settlers moved West. Dawes Act - ANS-U.S. law that attempted to assimilate Indians by giving them individual plots of land. Battle of Wounded Knee - ANS-U.S. soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native Americans in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars. Populism - ANS-favors common person's interests over wealthy or business interests; led by William Jennings Bryan ("Cross of Gold" speech)Wanted government regulation of banks and railroads.
Urbanization - ANS-The large growth of cities from rural areas. With urbanization came a large range of urban problems including sanitation, transportation, and crowded living conditions. Jane Addams - ANS-Founder of Chicago's Hull House, which offered shelter, counseling and education to immigrants. Used to break power of the political machines Settlement Houses - ANS-community centers that helped immigrants address the problems of squalid living conditions, disease, illiteracy, and unemployment Political machines - ANS-Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A political boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. Tweed Ring Scandal - ANS-Political scandal involving William "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City Tenements - ANS-Apartments built in city slums to house large numbers of people. Many immigrants were forced to live in poorly built tenements in and overcrowded unhealthy neighborhoods. Child Labor was a major problem during - ANS-the Gilded Age. Sweat shops - ANS-A small factory where workers work many hours in bad conditions for little pay. Immigrants (and children) were considered cheap labor and paid very little for their work. Americanization/Assimilation - ANS-forcing immigrants and Indians to conform to US culture Goals of Progressivism - ANS-Protect social welfare,Create economic reform & Big Business Reform,Political reform of government-Muckraker- Reporters and writers who exposed government corruption and the abuses of big business. - ANS- Suffrage - ANS-The right to vote. Social Gospel - ANS-religious movement to help immigrants and poor urban Population Temperance - ANS-moderation in drinking alcohol increase citizen participation and power Initiative - ANS-Procedure by which citizens can propose a law to be placed on a ballot. Referendum - ANS-Procedure by which citizens vote on a law proposed by the legislature.
Recall - ANS-Procedure by which a public official may be removed from office by popular vote. Effects - ANS-citizens are directly participating in government=Power to the people Square Deal - ANS-focused on regulating big business and helping consumers receive fair and honest treatment. Trustbuster - ANS-Term used to describe Roosevelt's attempt to reform big business by breaking up trusts. Conservation - ANS-The preservation of wilderness areas. Meat Inspection Act - ANS-Regulation of the preparation of foods and the sale of medicines. Bull Moose Party - ANS-Roosevelt's political party in the election of 1912. Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate which helped take away votes and help Democrat Woodrow Wilson win the election Susan B. Anthony - ANS-Leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement. W.E.B. Du Bois - ANS-Early civil rights leader and founder of the NAACP. Du Bois demanded equality for African Americans. African Americans should get a classical education. Booker T. Washington - ANS-Early civil rights leader. Believed African Americans should work hard and go to Vocational School. (Differed from Du Bois) Ida B. Wells - ANS-documented lynching in the United States, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites. Eugene V. Debs - ANS-Labor leader who attempted to form a labor union of skilled and unskilled workers. Socialist Party as a third-party candidate. Upton Sinclair - ANS-Author of The Jungle, a book that describes the terrible conditions of meat-packing plants and the struggles the immigrants faced. Led to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Imperialism - ANS-the process of a stronger nation controlling a weaker territory through political, economic, or military means. Foreign policy - ANS-goals, principles and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other countries
Puerto Rico - ANS-remains a US possession, Puerto Ricans become US citizens but cannot vote in US elections Cuba - ANS-became independent but also a protectorate of US (a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power); the U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba w/Platt Agreement which was repealed in 1934; Guantanamo Bay (US naval base) still in operation today Philippine - ANS-U.S annexed Philippines instead of granting independence; Filipinos finally won their independence in 1946 Alfred T. Mahan - ANS-strong country needs strong navy and naval bases throughout the world Henry Cabot Lodge - ANS-Senator that supported imperialism Sanford B. Dole - ANS-Helped American sugar plantation owners overthrown Queen of Hawaii, became Hawaii's 1st president and later its 1st governor Guam, Samoa and Midway - ANS-American possessions that provided important naval bases and refueling stations for ships traveling to Asia. Cause of WWI - ANS-MANIA (Militarism, Nations, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand) 1918 - ANS-The Allies win WWI when Germany surrenders Archduke Franz Ferdinand - ANS-Archduke of Austria Hungary Assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the Causes of World War I. Woodrow Wilson - ANS-President of the United States during World War I. Wilson wanted to fight the war "to make the world safe for Democracy." Gen. John Pershing - ANS-The commander of the AEF (American Expeditionary Force) during World War I. Under his leadership, American forces helped end the stalemate and led the Allies to Victory. Alvin York - ANS-conscientious objector who ended up a war hero and received the Congressional Medal of Honor Russia exits the war due to - ANS-war weariness (millions in casualties) and several revolutions Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - ANS-German policy of sinking any ships in the water, including merchant and passenger ships;
Lusitania - ANS-British passenger ship that was destroyed by a German submarine. 128 Americans were killed. Zimmerman Note - ANS-Telegram sent by Germany, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany if the United States entered the war. In return, Mexico would receive land that it had lost to the United States. Trench Warfare - ANS-Opposing sides attack from ditches instead of on an open battlefield. Needed for protection from new weapons. War becomes a stalemate. New weapons introduced during the war - ANS-machine guns, poison gas, U-boats, tanks, and airplane warfare Machine gun - ANS-caused stalemate and mass casualties Tank - ANS-helped break the stalemate Stalemate - ANS-A situation where neither side can gain an advantage in combat. Argonne Fores - ANS-turning point in the war (Americans were able to cut German supply lines and break the stalemate.) Liberty/War Bonds - ANS-funded the war Espionage and Sedition Acts - ANS-crime to speak out against the war Wilson's Fourteen Points - ANS-Wilson's proposal for peace after WWI; called for freedom of the seas, ending secret treaties, a League of Nations (14th point: help solve disputes between countries), and other peaceful measures. The United States did not join due to fears of being pulled into another international war. Treaty of Versailles - ANS-ended WWI; blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment. The treatment of Germany in the treaty helpedlead to the rise of Adolf Hitler and WWII. U. S. did not ratify the treaty. Instead, the U. S. signed a separate agreement with Germany. Warren Harding - ANS-President who wanted to "return to normalcy" after WWI; isolationism and a greater emphasis on peacetime production and prosperity at home Teapot Dome Scandal - ANS-The prime example of corruption (Secretary of the Interior took bribes from oil companies) Calvin Coolidge - ANS-President takes over after Harding dies in office; known as "Silent Cal"; believed in little government intervention in economy and was very pro- business; the "business of America is business"
Marcus Garvey - ANS-advocated that African Americans should return to Africa (Pan- Africanism), The Great Migration - ANS-The mass migration of African-Americans to Northern cities from 1910-1930. The Harlem Renaissance - ANS-period of African-American cultural creativity in music, art, and literature during the 1920's, centered in Harlem. Ex: poet Langston Hughes. Causes of the Great Depression - ANS-overspeculation, stock market to crash in 1929, Smoot-Hawley Tariff, overspeculation 1929 - ANS-The Stock Market Crash (Black Tuesday), marks beginning of Great Depression Unemployment - ANS-Unemployment rose as high as 25% during the Depression. "Hoovervilles" - ANS-Shantytowns on the outskirts of the cities of homeless and unemployed people. Bread lines and soup kitchens - ANS-Methods by which the needy could obtain free or low-priced food. Dust Bowl - ANS-Term used to describe the area of the Great Plains where heavy droughts had dried up the farmland. This forced many residents of the Great Plains to relocate. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath - ANS-Famous novel that describes the hardships of the Great Depression. Hoover Dam (Boulder Dam) - ANS-Dam built on the Colorado River to help stimulate business and provide jobs. The New Deal - ANS-Roosevelt's program to fight the Great Depression. (3 R's: Relief, Reform and Recovery) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - ANS-Public works program that gave jobs to young men. The workers planted trees, fought forest fires and built public parks. Works Progress Administration (WPA) - ANS-Created jobs by hiring writers and artists. FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) - ANS-Provided insurance for people's bank accounts.
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) - ANS-Govt. agency that regulates the stock market. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - ANS-Program that built dams in the Tennessee Valley area in order to control flooding and provide electric power. DAM JOBS/RESOURCES Social Security Act - ANS-The most important act of the New Deal. Social Security provided unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, old age pensions, and insurance for families. Legacy of the New Deal - ANS-The government now is responsible to for economic problems of the citizens. The government is more involved in our personal lives. FDR battles the Supreme Court - ANS-The Supreme Court had declared several New Deal programs unconstitutional. In order to get his programs passed, FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court, a tactic known as court-packing. Frances Perkins - ANS-1st female Cabinet member; appointed Secretary of Labor Eleanor Roosevelt - ANS-1st lady; rallied women through the crisis, eyes and ears of the President by traveling the country as a political activist WWII brought US out of the - ANS-Depression by creating jobs in industry and the military. 1939 - ANS-Adolf Hitler invades Poland. WWII begins. 1941 - ANS-Japan attacks Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii on December 7 ("date which will live in infamy"). U.S. enters the war. 1945 - ANS-Germany is defeated to end the war in Europe. The atomic bomb is dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war in the Pacific. Causes of World War II - ANS-Harsh treatment of Germany after World War, The rise of dictators and totalitarianism in Europe, Germany's invasion of Poland, Global depression Patriotism/volunteerism - ANS-Office of War Information(propaganda), Victory Gardens, War Bonds, rationing President of the United States during WWII. - ANS-Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry Truman - ANS-President of the United States during WWII. Made the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur - ANS-General in charge of the Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean, used Island Hopping to defeat the Japanese Flying Tigers - ANS-U.S. volunteer pilots who assisted the Chinese in the 1930's against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria Navajo Code Talkers - ANS-Native American Marines, sent messages in their native language, virtually unbreakable code to ensure security in communication, key to fighting Japanese Conservativism, Peace Through Strength - ANS-increased military spending through systems such as Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) Appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor- 1st female Justice on Supreme Court Iran Contra Affair - ANS-government secretly sold arms to Iran in exchange for U.S. hostages in Lebanon Recession - ANS-economic downturn due to reduced consumer spending, greater foreign competition, and lay-offs in key industries End of Cold War (1991) - ANS-USSR officially dissolves and Berlin Wall falls Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) - ANS-U.S. successful show of force to remove Iraq from Kuwait and protect oil reserves North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - ANS-removed trade barriers among Canada, Mexico and the U.S. War in Kosovo - ANS-ordered U.S. and NATO bombings in Bosnia and Kosovo to end ethnic attacks. Impeachment - ANS-The House of Representatives formally charged him with obstruction of justice, but the Senate did not convict him. He remained in office. September 11, 2001 - ANS-Islamic terrorists attack the World Trade Center and Pentagon, begins war on terror, Patriot Act, TSA and Homeland Security Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq - ANS-launched military action against Al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan, invasion of Iraq Hurricane Katrina - ANS-battered the Gulf Coast, nearly destroying New Orleans (levees malfunctioned) Health Care Reform (Affordable Care Act, Obama Care) - ANS-attempted to overhaul the nation's health care system
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) - ANS-stimulus of government money to jumpstart the economy after recession Appointment of Sonya Sotomayor - ANS-1st Hispanic Supreme Court Justice Transcontinental Railroad - ANS-Completed in 1869, it helped connect the West and East coasts. It made transportation of people and goods faster and helped jumpstart industry. Automobile - ANS-The automobile transformed the American landscape. It made the biggest impact on the economy from the 1920's until the 1970's. Airplane - ANS-In 1903 the Wright brothers conducted the first successful flight of an airplane. Since then the airplane has been used for military purposes and the transportation of people and goods. Space Travel - ANS-In 1961 the Soviets put the first man in space. In 1969 the Americans put the first man on the moon. Today astronauts use space shuttles and other aircraft to travel in space. Conservativism, Peace Through Strength - ANS-increased military spending through systems such as Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) Appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor- 1st female Justice on Supreme Court Iran Contra Affair - ANS-government secretly sold arms to Iran in exchange for U.S. hostages in Lebanon Recession - ANS-economic downturn due to reduced consumer spending, greater foreign competition, and lay-offs in key industries End of Cold War (1991) - ANS-USSR officially dissolves and Berlin Wall falls Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) - ANS-U.S. successful show of force to remove Iraq from Kuwait and protect oil reserves North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - ANS-removed trade barriers among Canada, Mexico and the U.S. War in Kosovo - ANS-ordered U.S. and NATO bombings in Bosnia and Kosovo to end ethnic attacks. Impeachment - ANS-The House of Representatives formally charged him with obstruction of justice, but the Senate did not convict him. He remained in office.
Marshall Plan (1948) - ANS-Program proposed by Gen. George Marshall to help European countries rebuild after WWII. The United States offered economic aid to the war-torn countries of Europe in order to prevent the spread of communism. NATO (1949) - ANS-North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military alliance formed between the United States, Canada, and ten western European countries. Berlin Airlift - ANS-U.S. operation that flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet Union set up a blockade in 1948. Arms Race - ANS-Competition to build the biggest nuclear arsenal between America and Soviet Union Nuclear weapons - ANS-In 1952, the U.S. successfully detonated the H-bomb, the first nuclear weapon. The Soviet Union exploded a nuclear weapon in 1953. The arms race followed as both countries amassed more nuclear weapons. USSR launch of Sputnik (1957) - ANS-starts space race, US promotes Math/Science education NASA - ANS-The United States' space agency that sent Americans into outer space. In 1969, the first man landed on the moon. GI Bill - ANS-law that gives military veterans financial and educational benefits. Suburbs - ANS-Communities built on the outskirts of major cities. Levittown was the first suburb community. Baby Boom - ANS-The period from the end of World War II through the mid-1960s marked by unusually high birth rates. Interstate Highway Act (1956) - ANS-Authorized the building of a national highway system. The new roads encouraged the development of suburbs away from the city. Rock N' Roll - ANS-Form of music that became popular in the 1950's, highlighted a generation gap Beat Generation/Beatniks - ANS-Non-conformists of the 1950s, rejected mainstream culture Dr. Jonas Salk - ANS-developed the Polio Vaccine 2nd Red Scare - ANS-Widespread fear of Communist takeover including spies and stealing of US military secrets
Joseph McCarthy - ANS-Senator from Wisconsin who became famous by accusing people of being Communists without evidence. McCarthyism (1954) - ANS-Witch-hunt of suspected Communists. HUAC - ANS-House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activity. Targeted the film industry The Rosenbergs - ANS-Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, suspected of selling atomic bomb secrets to USSR. Found guilty of espionage & sentenced to death in electric chair Venona Papers - ANS-revealed the identities of several American spies (released in 1997), proved Soviet infiltration of the US including the guilt of J. Rosenberg Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba (1961) - ANS-failed attempt by U.S.to overthrow Fidel Castro Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) - ANS-U.S. & USSR come to brink of nuclear war March on Washington (1963) - ANS-MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech Peace Corps - ANS-Volunteer program that helped developing nations. New Frontier - ANS-Kennedy's program that addressed social and international concerns and the expansion of the space program. Great Society - ANS-Lyndon B. Johnson's program that addressed America's social problems including health care, civil rights, and urban decay. The War on Poverty - ANS-Johnson's agenda designed to help poor Americans. This included the Head Start program and Job Corps Training. Medicare (1965) - ANS-Federal program that provides health insurance to Americans over the age 65. Medicaid (1965) - ANS-Program that provides health insurance for people on welfare. HUD (Housing and Urban Development) - ANS-The federal department responsible for the major housing programs in the United States Domino theory - ANS-The belief that if a nearby nation becomes communist surrounding nations will follow suit. Rationale for containment Hawks - ANS-Supporters of the Vietnam War who believed the U.S. should increase military force to win the war.
