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US History STAAR Exam Review Questions and Answers, Exams of Advanced Education

American Public University System (APUS)Advanced Education

US History STAAR Exam Review Questions and Answers

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

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US History STAAR Exam Review
Questions and Answers
Period: Westward Expansion - ANS-from about 1877 to 1900. America moves west
after the Civil War, and confronts the Native American cultures there while using new
technologies (plows, etc) to change the land
Great Plains - ANS-Grassland of Central North America that extends from the
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
Homestead Act (1862) - ANS-Was a law that provided 160 acres to anyone who was
willing to settle land in the west
Cattle Drives - ANS-As a demand for beef increased, cowboys drove herds of cattle
along trails to be shipped to the east by railroad. Famous trails include the Chisholm,
Western, and Goodnight-Loving.
Buffalo - ANS-The Great Plains Indians relied on the Buffalo to continue their way of life.
When the buffalo were killed off, so was the lifestyle of the Plains Indians.
Dawes Act (1887) - ANS-U.S. law that attempted to assimilate Indians by giving them
individual plots of land. It authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian
tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
Battle of Wounded Knee - ANS-U.S. soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native
Americans in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.
Period: Gilded Age - ANS-about 1877 to 1900. Term coined by writers including Mark
Twain to satirize (make fun of) what they believed to be an era of serious social
problems hidden by a thin layer of gold and industrialization. A time of enormous growth
in America with even bigger social concerns (tenements, urbanization)
Andrew Carnegie - ANS-(November 25, 1835 - August 11, 1919) Carnegie was
Scottish-American industrialist business tycoon and philanthropist who controlled most
of the steel industry.
John D. Rockefeller - ANS-(July 8, 1839 - May 23, 1937)Rockefeller was an American
industrialist business tycoon and philanthropist who owned Standard Oil and controlled
90% of the oil industry in the late 1800s. 9. Monopolies : Situation in which one
company controls an entire industry
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US History STAAR Exam Review

Questions and Answers

Period: Westward Expansion - ANS-from about 1877 to 1900. America moves west after the Civil War, and confronts the Native American cultures there while using new technologies (plows, etc) to change the land Great Plains - ANS-Grassland of Central North America that extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Homestead Act (1862) - ANS-Was a law that provided 160 acres to anyone who was willing to settle land in the west Cattle Drives - ANS-As a demand for beef increased, cowboys drove herds of cattle along trails to be shipped to the east by railroad. Famous trails include the Chisholm, Western, and Goodnight-Loving. Buffalo - ANS-The Great Plains Indians relied on the Buffalo to continue their way of life. When the buffalo were killed off, so was the lifestyle of the Plains Indians. Dawes Act (1887) - ANS-U.S. law that attempted to assimilate Indians by giving them individual plots of land. It authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Battle of Wounded Knee - ANS-U.S. soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native Americans in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars. Period: Gilded Age - ANS-about 1877 to 1900. Term coined by writers including Mark Twain to satirize (make fun of) what they believed to be an era of serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold and industrialization. A time of enormous growth in America with even bigger social concerns (tenements, urbanization) Andrew Carnegie - ANS-(November 25, 1835 - August 11, 1919) Carnegie was Scottish-American industrialist business tycoon and philanthropist who controlled most of the steel industry. John D. Rockefeller - ANS-(July 8, 1839 - May 23, 1937)Rockefeller was an American industrialist business tycoon and philanthropist who owned Standard Oil and controlled 90% of the oil industry in the late 1800s. 9. Monopolies : Situation in which one company controls an entire industry

Monopolies - ANS-Situation in which one company controls an entire industry. Trusts - ANS-Small companies join together to form one large company. Laissez-Faire - ANS-The idea that government should not interfere with business practices. Social Darwinism - ANS-The belief that the rich succeed because they are superior to the poor. This belief was applied to big business during the Gilded Age. Social Gospel - ANS-Groups of people who worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideas of charity and justice. (Late 19th century) Sherman Antitrust Act - ANS-Outlawed business monopolies, but was not very effective at limiting the power of big business. Labor Unions - ANS-Organizations that protected the interests of the worker. They created the 40-hour work week and dealt with dangerous working conditions. They also organized strikes. Famous labor unions included Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor. Industrialization - ANS-The rise of a manufacturing economy and decline of an agriculture economy. Urbanization - ANS-The large growth of cities. With urbanization came a large range of urban problems including sanitation, transportation, and crowded living conditions. Jane Addams - ANS-She was the founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. (September 6, 1860

  • May 21, 1935) Settlement Houses - ANS-Community centers that helped immigrants address the problems of horrible living conditions, disease, illiteracy, and unemployment. Populism - ANS-A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South. Political Machines - ANS-Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in cities. A boss led the machine and attempted to grab more votes for their party. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall are an example of political machines Period: Progressivism - ANS-about 1900 - 1920. A time when a general political philosophy emerged advocating social, political, and economic reform. Modern Progressivism was part of societal response to the vast changes, and problems, brought about by industrialization of the Gilded Age.

Theodore Roosevelt - ANS-Progressive and imperialist president. Used the 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up "bad" trusts/monopolies. Created National Park system. Eventually split to from Progressive Party to form "Bull Moose" Party. Sanford B. Dole - ANS-In 1882 After US marines overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy, US government chose Sanford Dole as President. He pushed for annexation of Hawaii as an American territory. Hawaii made territory in 1898. The Role of missionaries in Imperialism - ANS-Missionaries felt duty to spread Christian religion and western values (language, law, capitalism) to the heathen masses. Especially effective in new US colonies in Pacific. Alfred Thayer Mahan - ANS-He was a U.S. Admiral who encouraged the U.S. to strengthen its naval power to a become a world power. (September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914) The Spanish-American War (1898) - ANS-brief war fought between US and Spain, mostly in Cuba and the Phillipines. Fueled by Expansionism, Yellow Journalism, the de Lome letter, and the USS Maine explosion. Results of the Spanish American War - ANS-Spain loses most of its empire, The Platt Amendment (1901)- allows the U.S. to control Cuba, The U.S. acquired the territories of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, The U.S. increases its strength as a world power.

  1. Panama Canal (1914) - ANS-Man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Acquired by United States in 1903/giving America important trading power in the area between North and South America.
  2. Open Door Policy - ANS-Ensured that the U.S. could trade with China. When the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China were threatened. Period: WWI - War in Europe from 1914-1918. Militarism, Nationalism, Alliances, Imperialism - ANS-US joins War in 1917 after German attacks on shipping/Zimmerman Telegram and helps turn the war with millions of troops
  3. General John Pershing - ANS-The commander of the American expeditionary force during WWI. Under his leadership, American forces helped end the stalemate and led the Allies to victory. (September 13, 1860 - July 15, 1948)
  4. Henry Cabot Lodge - ANS-U.S. Senator who opposed the League of Nations. Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and the United States Senate never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924)
  1. New weapons introduced during the WWI - ANS-Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes were introduced. Airplanes engaged in "dog fights" in the skies over Europe.
  2. Trench Warfare - ANS-Opposing side's attacked from the ditches instead of an open battlefield. Often a result of use of the new machine guns.
  3. Stalemate - ANS-A situation where neither side could gain an advantage in combat...such as the trench warfare system in WWI
  4. Battle of Argonne Forest - ANS-The battle that led to the surrender of the Germany army and the end of WWI. Also the battle where Alvin York won his Medal of Honor.
  5. Wilson's Fourteen Points - ANS-President Wilson's proposal for peace after WWI. Wilson called for the freedom of the seas, ending secret treaties, a League of Nations, and other peaceful measures.
  6. League of Nations - ANS-International organization formed after WWI to help solve disputes between countries. It had no real power, the U.S. did not join, and it was considered a failure after failing to prevent rise of dictators during 1930's.
  7. Treaty of Versailles - ANS-The treaty that officially ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment. Germany was forced to pay reparations to the Allies for the cost of the war. The treatment of Germany in the treaty helped lead to the rise of Adolph Hitler and WWII. Period: Roaring Twenties - period from 1920-1929 - ANS-Marked by birth of the Modern USA - consumerism, economic boom and bust, and cultural transformations
  8. The Red Scare - ANS-After WWI, Americans became very fearful of radical political theories. Immigrants were blamed for the violence, and the Palmer Raids targets immigrants' homes and businesses. Other examples of Nativism include the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial, anti-immigration laws (Emergency Quota Act and National Origins Act), and the rise of the "new KKK."
  9. Sacco and Vanzetti - ANS-Anarchists and Italian immigrants accused of murder. They were sentenced to death. Because of their political stance and nationality they were not given a fair trial.
  10. Glenn Curtiss - ANS-Supplied planes/improved designs during WWI enabled, new air mail service, and sped paper communication during the 20s.
  11. Marcus Garvey - ANS-Inspired racial pride in millions called "Back to Africa," black nation/economy; uniforms, parades showed unity/economy; uniforms, parades showed unity; convicted for stock fraud and deported to Jamaica
  1. Causes of the Great Depression - ANS-Decline in world trade, High protective tariffs , Overproduction of consumer goods , Buying stock on margin (borrowing) and market speculation for quick profit, Very unequal distribution of wealth , Decline in agriculture prices , Severe drought in the southern plains (dust bowl) ,Stock Market Crash of 1929 ("Black Tuesday)
  2. Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) - ANS-President when the Great Depression began. Hoover is criticized for allowing the Depression to continue. He was defeated when voters looked to the federal government for help.
  3. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 -1945) - ANS-Defeated Hoover in 1932. Implemented the New Deal to help with the Great Depression. He gave fireside chats on the radio to communicate with the American public.
  4. Dust Bowl - ANS-Term used to describe the area of the Great Plains where heavy droughts and had dried up the farmland.
  5. The New Deal - ANS-Roosevelt's program to fight the Great Depression. It was a series of economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936, and drastically enlarged the size of American government.
  6. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - ANS-Insurance for people's bank accounts. One of the lasting reforms of the New Deal.
  7. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - ANS-Government agency that regulated stock market, a New Deal reform
  8. Social Security Act - ANS-The most important act of the New Deal. Social Security provides unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, old age pensions, and insurance for families.
  9. FDR Battles the Supreme Court - ANS-The Supreme court had declared several New Deal programs unconstitutional. FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs. This was known as court packing. Period: World War II - ANS-started in 1939 with German invasion of Poland, for the USA, War years are 1941-1945.
  10. World War II (1941-1945) - ANS-December 7, 1941, Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Congress, with citizen's support, declared war on Japan. USA becomes a global superpower during the conflict.
  11. Harry S. Truman - ANS-President of the U.S. during the last months of WWII. He made the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan to end the war sooner and save U.S. service member lives.
  1. General Dwight D. Eisenhower - ANS-U.S. General in Europe during WWII. He was in charge of the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day). He later served as the 34th President from 1953 until 1961.
  2. General Douglas McArthur - ANS-U.S. General in charge of the Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean. Promised that " I shall return" after losing Philippines to Japan, and did.
  3. General George Patton - ANS-Daring, able commander, Tank warfare expert, outspoken U.S. General, profane, admired by troops who led the U.S. Third Army and helped to liberate Paris.
  4. General Omar Bradley - ANS-Calm, able, General who led the US 1st Army during the Invasion of Normandy.
  5. General George Marshall - ANS-Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during WWII. He oversaw all the military operations in the War in Europe. After the war, he was responsible for the Marshall Plan to help rebuild war-ravished Europe after WWII.
  6. Chester Nimitz - ANS-Soft spoken navy commander (Coral Sea, Midway, Solomon Islands, Philippine Sea, Leyte Guld, Iwo Jima, Okinawa). Overall Allied commander of the entire Pacific. From Fredricksburg, Texas.
  7. Vernon J. Baker - ANS-awarded Medal of Honor in 1997 for heroic acts in Italy in 1945 (Black segregated 92nd infantry division)
  8. CAUSES of WWII: - ANS-Harsh treatment of Germany after WWI, The rise of dictators, fascism, extreme nationalism, and totalitarianism in Europe and Japan (Nazi Party in Germany), Germany's invasion of Poland, Germany's aerial attacks on Great Britain, Japans' invasion of China, Japans' attack on Pearl Harbor
  9. Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) - ANS-On December 7th 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor forcing the U.S. to enter the war.
  10. Battle of Midway (1942) - ANS-Major turning point in the war in the Pacific. This pivotal battle dealt a severe blow to the Japanese Navy, after US sank 4 Japanese carrier ships.
  11. Island Hopping - ANS-Allied naval strategy to reach Japan by taking one island at a time. Primarily focused on islands with airstrips.
  12. The Atomic Bomb (1945) - ANS-Powerful weapon dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. War ended with surrender of Japanese in 1945.
  13. The Holocaust - ANS-The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps. Led to the establishment of Israel by the United Nations in 1948.
  1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - ANS-The United States' space agency that sent Americans into outer Space. In 1969, the U.S. landed the first man on the moon, affirming the US lead in the "space race" with Soviet Union. 103.Great Society - ANS-LBJ's program that addressed America's social problems including health care, civil rights, and urban decay. Caused a profound rise in government's involvement in American life.
  2. Johnson's Civil Rights Record - ANS-Civil rights was a focal point during the Johnson administration and many laws were passed during his Presidency including: (Next 3 slides)
  3. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ANS-Made discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin in public places illegal
  4. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANS-Eliminated literacy tests for voters
  5. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 - ANS-Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing aka "Fair Housing Act".
  6. Watergate - ANS-The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974, the only resignation of a U.S. President. Period - The Cold War - ANS-
  7. Containment - ANS-The policy that the U.S. should prevent the Communism from spreading to other nations. Expressed in US involvement in both Korea and Vietnam Wars.
  8. United Nations (1945) - ANS-International organization formed after WWII to serve as a peacekeeper in world conflicts. The U.S. and Soviet Union used the U.N. to promote their beliefs during the Cold War.
  9. Truman Doctrine (1947) - ANS-U.S. policy would gave military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism.
  10. Marshall Plan (1948) - ANS-Program proposed by General George Marshall to help European countries rebuild after WWII. The U.S. offered economic aid to the war- torn countries.
  1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1959) - ANS-A military alliance formed between the U.S., Canada, and ten western European countries.
  2. Berlin Airlift (June 1948 - May 1949) - ANS-U.S. operation that flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet Union set up a blockade in 1948.
  3. Korean War (1950 - 1953) - ANS-Korea was divided at the 38th parallel post WWII After US and USSR North Korea invaded the South to unify under one Communist Rule. US entered to prevent communism from spreading. War turns into a stalemate and ends with armistice with Korea still divided between a northern communist state and democratic south.
  4. HUAC - ANS-House of Un-American Activities Committee. Investigated individual in the government and Hollywood for Communist connections.
  5. Venona Papers - ANS-Decoded soviet messages and proved that suspected Communist spies were truly Spies (Julius Rosenberg and Alger Hiss)
  6. Nuclear Arms Race - ANS-The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their allies during the Cold War.
  7. Joseph McCarthy - ANS-Senator from Wisconsin who became famous by accusing people of being Communists without providing evidence.
  8. McCarthyism (1954) - ANS-McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. It also means "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism. It was named after Joseph McCarthy.
  9. Sputnik (1957) - ANS-The first man-made satellite to be launched into outer space. Sputnik was a success for the Soviet Union and a symbolic success for Communism. This caused the U.S. to increase interest in its space program and a space race developed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
  10. Space Race - ANS-was a mid-to-late 20th century competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) for supremacy in space exploration. Between 1957 and 1975, the Cold War rivalry between the two nations focused on attaining firsts in space exploration, which were seen as necessary for national security and symbolic of technological and ideological superiority. 123.Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) - ANS-A standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union when it was discovered that the Soviets were installing nuclear missiles pointed at the U.S. in May 1962

segregation. He organized the March on Washington where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. He was assassinated in 1968. King advocated peaceful protest and passive resistance.

  1. Cesar Chavez (March 31, 1927 - April 23, 1993) - ANS-Was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW). He pushed for greater rights for migrant farm workers.
  2. AIM - ANS-American Indian Movement- A group of American Indians advocating for specific rights and pride in Native American culture
  3. Black Panthers - ANS-Armed militant group that reject MLK Jr.'s nonviolent tactics in fighting for Civil rights
  4. Hector Garcia - ANS-Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum.
  5. Betty Friedan - ANS-Co-Founder of NOW, spokesperson of Feminism in 60s, wrote "The Feminine mystique" that said women were discontent with societal expectations of women.
  6. Chicano Mural Movement - ANS-public art that depicted political views and heritage (Often opposed by conservatives)
  7. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - ANS-A landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional. 143.Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ANS-Made discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin in public places illegal and required employers to hire on an equal opportunity basis.
  8. Reynolds v. Sims (1964) - ANS-Supreme Court ruling that state legislature districts had to be roughly equal in population.
  9. George Wallace - ANS-Alabama governor "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" Ran for president 68 and won Deep South electoral votes.
  10. Lester Maddox - ANS-Sold his restaurant rather than serve blacks; became governor of Georgia and believed that integration was "ungodly...Un-American."
  11. Orval Faubus - ANS-Arkansas governor used state guard troops to block integration of Little Rock Central High School in 1957 caused Eisenhower to send federal troops to protect 9 black students from angry whites
  1. Southern Democrats - ANS-Tried to block civil rights legislation (e.g. Strom Thurmond); Deep South States
  2. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANS-banned literacy tests and unapproved voting procedures; added federal election examiners.
  3. Mendez v. Westminster - ANS-segregation of Mexican students in California violated equal protection clause of 14th amendment
  4. Hernandez v. Texas - ANS-exclusion of jurors based on race violates the 14th amendment
  5. Delgado v. Bastrop ISD - ANS-segregation of Mexican students in Texas violated equal protection clause of 14th amendment.
  6. Edgewood ISD v. Kirby - ANS-Forced Texas to better fund schools in poor areas. aka "Robin Hood" case
  7. Sweatt v. Painter - ANS-separate black law school facilities at University of Texas were inherently unequal. a precedent for Brown v. Board of Education
  8. Thurgood Marshall - ANS-Chief Counsel for NAACP, won many key civil Rights cases including Brown v. Board of education and the first African American Supreme Court Justice. (1967) Period: 1970's to 2000 - ANS-
  9. Affirmative Action - ANS-Sometimes known as positive discrimination, refers to policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group in areas of employment, education, and business.
  10. Détente - ANS-easing of tensions with China and the Soviet Union during the Nixon administration
  11. Iran Hostage Crisis - ANS-After Carter withdrew support for pro- U.S. shah of Iran (for human rights abuses) , Iranians overthrew him(1978-9) Carter allowed him into the US for medical treatment; angry militants seized 66 at U.S. Embassy in Tehran; 52 held until 1981; rescue attempt was botched(aircraft crashed) ; made Carter and the U.S. look weak and incapable
  12. Reaganomics - ANS-Belief that tax cuts (Mainly for the rich) leave more money in the private sector for investment/job growth/ which has a "trickle down" (to non-rich) which leads to better revenue and GDP

Qaeda—Include Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Now defines much American foreign policy

  • a large shift since the Soviet focused years of the old Cold War. 1898 - ANS-Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines, Cuba, Guam, & Puerto Rico 1914 - ANS-WWI begins with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1917 - ANS-US enters WWI because of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare & the Zimmerman Telegram 1918 - ANS-WWI ends with the Treaty of Versailles 1929 - ANS-October 29, 1929 - Black Tuesday, The Great Stock Market Crash. The Great Depression was caused by overproduction, underconsumption, and the Smoot- Hawley Tariff 1939 - ANS-WWII begins with the German invasion of Poland 1941 - ANS-Date: December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII 1945 - ANS-WWII ends. America drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki 1945-1991 - ANS-Cold War Begins & Ends 1957 - ANS-Sputnik launched; starts the Space Race, NASA is soon formed, and a focus on math and science begins at the schools 1968 - ANS-MLK is assassinated 1969 - ANS-United States lands on the moon 2001 - ANS-9/11 Attacks 2008 - ANS-Election of first black president 13th Amendment (1865) - ANS-Abolishes and prohibits slavery 14th Amendment (1868) - ANS-citizenship, due process, equal protection 15th Amendment (1870) - ANS-U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed. Black men can vote, but not women. 16th Amendment (1913) - ANS-Congress is given the power to tax income. It was a graduated tax. The more you make, the more you pay.

17th Amendment (1913) - ANS-Direct election of senators 18th Amendment (1919) - ANS-Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages 19th Amendment (1920) - ANS-Gave women the right to vote 21st Amendment (1933) - ANS-Repeal of prohibition (18th Amendment) 22nd Amendment (1951) - ANS-Limits the president to two terms or 10 years. 24th Amendment (1964) - ANS-Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax 26th Amendment (1971) - ANS-Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 Tin Pan Alley - ANS-a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business Alvin York - ANS-killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom Vernon Baker - ANS-This First Lieutenant was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor posthumously by Bill Clinton for his efforts in WW2. He was in the all black 92nd Infantry. Roy Benavidez - ANS-A war hero of Vietnam, who had been presented with the Congressional Medal of Honor by Reagan. Alexis de Tocqueville - ANS-Early 1830s *French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States *Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society *Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality *Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson American Indian Citizenship Act - ANS-1924. Grants citizenship to all Native Americans born in the US.