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US History STAAR EOC Study Guide
Latest Updated
Declaration of Independence - ANSWER-Belief in consent of the governed, other nations recognized the US as a country, inspired other to question their governments. Unalienable rights - rights that cannot be taken away. Principles of the Constitution - ANSWER-Limits the power of the federal government by separation of powers and checks and balances. 1st Amendment - ANSWER-Freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly, and petition. 5th Amendment - ANSWER-People accused of crimes must be read their rights. (Miranda v. Arizona); eminent domain. Individualism - ANSWER-Americans were self-sufficient in creating the life they wanted; one of five demographic principles observed by Tocqueville Populism - ANSWER-Americans of various backgrounds could participate in government, not just the elite; one of five demographic principles observed by Tocqueville E pluribus unum - ANSWER-"Out of many, one"; colonies were different yet came together to form one country Civic Responsibilities - ANSWER-voting in elections, serving on a jury, staying informed on government issues Gilded Age - ANSWER-Businesses became wealthy, and some corrupt government officials supported business first policies. Electricity - ANSWER-Made manufacturing more efficient; light bulb led to more hours of work = more production. Railroads - ANSWER-Provided farmers & ranchers access to distant markets, and allowed Americans to settle the West; Bessemer steel provided stronger and cheaper materials to build Monopolies - ANSWER-Total control of an industry by one company, restricted by laws passed to protest competitors and regulate consumer prices
Andrew Carnegie - ANSWER-Philanthropy to improve society through donations to education and the arts. Labor Unions - ANSWER-Fought for better pay and working conditions and end of child labor; resulted in increased federal involvement Urbanization - ANSWER-Rapid industrialization led to people moving to cities for employment; caused sanitation problems; taller buildings built because of cheaper steel Political Corruption - ANSWER-controlled political parties; exchanged jobs/infrastructure for votes; justified corruption by helping the community Immigrants - ANSWER-moved to US for better economic opportunities; some worked in factories, while other farmed; forced to assimilate Irish Immigrants - ANSWER-Persecuted because they were Catholic. Nativists - ANSWER-Wanted restrictions on immigration; encouraged assimilation; viewed immigrants as competition for jobs Chinese Exclusion Act - ANSWER-Passed to prevent immigrants from taking jobs for settlers out West Homestead Act - ANSWER-Resulted in the settling of the frontier by farmers. Dawes Act - ANSWER-Law intended to assimilate Native Americans into American culture; gave private ownership of land to natives; sold surplus land to white settlers Assimilation - ANSWER-American Indians forced to adopt US culture through the use of boarding schools, individual land ownership and farming Populist Party Platform - ANSWER-supported the working-class citizens; a third party which influences and draws votes away from the major political parties; began with small farmers Upton Sinclair - ANSWER-Wrote "The Jungle", resulting in the government regulating the safety of food products; FDA. Jane Addams - ANSWER-fought for women's suffrage and started the settlement house movement in the US to help assimilate immigrants Jim Crow Laws - ANSWER-passed to limit rights gained by African Americans in the 13th(freedom), 14th(citizenship), and 15th(male suffrage) Amendments W.E.B. DuBois - ANSWER-Helped found NAACP, a civil rights group that fought for the legal rights of African Americans.
Little Rock, Arkansas - ANSWER-Governor Orval Faubus challenged the power of the federal government to desegregate schools; President Eisenhower sent troops to enforce ruling March on Washington - ANSWER-Nonviolent protest aimed to improve political rights and economics opportunities or minorities; resulted in new legislation Civil Rights Act of 1965 - ANSWER-ended segregation and required equal treatment of minorities in the workplace. Equal Employment Opprotunity - ANSWER-Government agencies could no longer discriminate in their employment practices. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANSWER-Ended poll taxes and literacy tests as a requirement to vote set up by Jim Crow laws; resulted in increased voting by minorities. Shirley Chisholm - ANSWER-1st African American woman to serve in Congress. Cuban Missile Crisis - ANSWER-Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent shipment of Soviet nuclear missiles. Medicare Act of 1965 - ANSWER-Provided health care for people 65+. Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 - ANSWER-(HUD) - part of the Great Society; aimed to provide poor with affordable housing and alleviate poverty Chicano Workers Movement - ANSWER-Led by Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta, fought to improve working conditions for migrant workers. Chicano Mural Movement - ANSWER-Built Hispanic cultural pride. Countercultural Movement - ANSWER-Youth had district fashion and culture, often used rock and roll (Woodstock) to protest government policies. Vietnam War - ANSWER-belief in "domino theory" led to US intervention; hoped to stop the spread of communism (containment) Tonkin Resolution - ANSWER-Allowed president to take military action without declaration of war from Congress. 26th Amendment - ANSWER-decreased voting age to 18; citizens believed if old enough to be drafted into war, then should have right to vote Anti-War Movement - ANSWER-As more troops were sent to Vietnam and the media reported setbacks, the US was viewed as the aggressor; people protested at mass demonstrations; violence erupted at Kent State
War Powers Resolution - ANSWER-Congress limited the military power of the executive branch, result of actions during the Vietnam War. Environmental Protection Agency - ANSWER-(EPA) - Government agency created to protect the environment, Earth Day. US/China relations - ANSWER-Nixon's goal was to normalize relations with China; led to missile treaty with Soviets Watergate - ANSWER-Nixon attempted to cover up information, led to growing cynicism and loss of trust towards the government. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - ANSWER-OPEC- passed an embargo on U.S. due to its support of Isreal; caused national energy shortage and gasoline price spike; continues to regulate oil production Camp David Accords - ANSWER-U.S. helped (ally) Israel negotiate peace treaty with Egypt. Iranian Hostage Crisis - ANSWER-Iran revolutionaries kidnapped U.S. citizens in Iran in response to the Shah being in the U.S. Effects of Spanish-American War - ANSWER-US was established as a world power, gained access to new markets, and acquired new territories in the Pacific (Guam & Philippines) and the Caribbean (Puerto Rico) Hawaii - ANSWER-Forced annexation by the U.S., supported by S.B. Dole; provided US with military presence in the Pacific and access to natural resources Panama Canal - ANSWER-land obtained by Roosevelt's Big Stick policy; was difficult to build due to climate & terrain; decreased travel time and made trading more efficient Big Stick policy - ANSWER-the threat of US intervention in Western Hemisphere affairs; part of Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine WWI - ANSWER-initiated by assassination of Franz Ferdinand & increased tensions in Europe; US was neutral at first but later joined Allies Trench Warfare - ANSWER-caused by the use of machine guns; resulted in stalemate; tanks & poison gas used to break stalemate US enters WWI - ANSWER-result of Germany's aggressive actions against U.S.- Zimmermann Telegram, sinking Lusitania, unrestricted submarine warfare
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - ANSWER-Government guaranteed bank deposits, protects people's savings. Social Security Act - ANSWER-Created a government benefits program to help elderly/disabled/retired; increased governments responsibility. Unconstitutional Programs - ANSWER-Supreme Court used 10th Amendment to overturn some New Deal programs stating it infringed on states' powers Roosevelt's Court Packing Plan - ANSWER-Response to rejection of some New Deal programs, many disliked because it increased power of president. 22nd Amendment - ANSWER-Limited president to only serve two terms, passed in response to FDR serving four terms. Pearl Harbor - ANSWER-Japanese retaliation for trade embargo, resulted in U.S. entering WWII. Justification for War - ANSWER-Economic and political interdependence of nations, stop spread of totalitarian governments. Victory Gardens - ANSWER-Support war effort by increasing food supply. Women - ANSWER-Took on new roles to support the war effort, joined nurse cadets, and worked in factories to keep up production. Japanese American internment camps - ANSWER-Violated liberties of Japanese American citizens provided in the 14th Amendment. Tuskegee Airmen - ANSWER-African American military pilots; overcame discrimination to serve; encouraged integration of armed forces. Navajo Code Talkers - ANSWER-Transmitted secret military information. Vernon Baker - ANSWER-African American veteran of WWII, received Medal of Honor. The Holocaust - ANSWER-The Nazi attempt at the genocide of Jewish people, caused many Jews to migrate to America. Atomic Bomb - ANSWER-A new strategic weapon developed at Los Alamos, New Mexico; Japan surrendered after bomb dropped on Hiroshima on Nagasaki, resulted in arms race with Soviets. Berlin Airlift - ANSWER-U.S. flew planes over the Soviet blockade of Berlin to get supplies to West Berlin without military conflict.
Marshall Plan - ANSWER-U.S. provided financial assistance to Western European countries to rebuild after WWII. Korean War - ANSWER-U.N. and U.S. troops sent to Korea, to stop spread of communism, after North Korea invaded the South. Arms Race - ANSWER-U.S. and Soviets promote science and technology as both attempt to develop nuclear arsenals. Sputnik - ANSWER-U.S.S.R. satellite, caused U.S. to invest money in space, science, technology, and weapons programs. House Un-American Activities Committee - ANSWER-(HUAC) - Looked into individuals in Hollywood who were suspected of being Communist McCarthyism - ANSWER-Red Scare movement led by Senator Joseph McCarthy that arrested people suspected of being communists. Suburbs - ANSWER-Resulted from prosperity after WWII, baby boom, and increased demand for housing. Sandra Day O' Connor - ANSWER-1st female Supreme Court Justice. Aerospace Technology - ANSWER-Equipment developed for space flight is now used in practical products; sunglasses, GPS, communications Iran-Contra Affair - ANSWER-Reagan illegally sold weapons to Iran in exchanges for hostages and sent money to Contras in Nicaragua. North American Free Trade Agreement - ANSWER-(NAFTA) - Removed trade barriers, increased competition, decreased product prices Entrepreneurs - ANSWER-Create new products (internet & iPhone) and ideas that change daily life and culture (online shopping). Bill Gates - ANSWER-Developed software for personal computers. 2000 Presidential Election - ANSWER-Supreme Court ended recount in Florida, Bush wins, 3rd party drew votes from Bush & Gore. September 11, 2001 - ANSWER-Attack on the World Trade Center resulted in U.S. War on Terror; invasion of Afghanistan. Patriot Act - ANSWER-passed to prevent further acts of terrorism; complaints that right to privacy was ignored
