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University of Iowa: Fundamentals of Human
Physiology, Test 1 questions with correct
answers
The Scientific Method Answer✓✓ A humans understanding as to why things work, such as the human body. The Scientific Method Answer✓✓ Provides an objective approach to conducting experiments to see if what you believe is actually true. Steps of the Scientific Method Answer✓✓ -Make an observation -Form a hypothesis -Design and conduct experiments or make more observations -Analyze data -Reject or accept the hypothesis Hypothesis Answer✓✓ Must be testable Homeostasis Answer✓✓ Maintenance of a "relatively stable" internal environment. Physiological Processes Answer✓✓ The purpose of ________ _________ taking place is to maintain homeostasis. Physiological Pathways Answer✓✓ -Sensor -Integrating Center
-Effector Sensor Answer✓✓ Detects deviations in a condition away from a specified level (Set Point) Integrating Center Answer✓✓ -Controls the activity of the effectors based on input from the sensors -Regulates around set point Effector Answer✓✓ -Makes appropriate adjustments to counter the change -Opperates by feedback loop Negative Feedback Loop Answer✓✓ -Change in a condition leads to a response which counteract that change -Most common -Revolves around set point Positive Feedback Loop Answer✓✓ -Change in a condition leads to a response which amplifies that change -Subsequent output from the effector is increased as condition is pushed further away from the set point
Organ Answer✓✓ A group of two or more tissues. Organ system Answer✓✓ A group of organs that work together to perform related functions. Organism Answer✓✓ System working together in coordination. Muscle tissue Answer✓✓ Tissue designed for contraction. Skeletal muscle Answer✓✓ -Striated appearance -Multiple nuclei -Under voluntary control Smooth muscle Answer✓✓ -No Striations -Involuntary control Cardiac muscle Answer✓✓ -Found in heart -Striated -Involuntary Control Nervous Tissue Answer✓✓ -Communication network -Cells designed to receive and transmit information
Neurons Answer✓✓ Cells that use electrical signals to communicate at high speeds. Neuroglia Answer✓✓ Supports Neurons Epithelial Tissue Answer✓✓ Covers body surfaces; lines organs and tracts. Function of epithelial tissue Answer✓✓ -Regulate the movement of materials -Absorb -Excrete -Barrier -Protection -Form exocrine glands Connective Tissue Answer✓✓ Large amounts of extracellular matrix. Specialized Connective Tissue Answer✓✓ -Adipose Tissue -Cartilage -Blood -Bone Adipose tissue Answer✓✓ Most of interior is occupied by a droplet of triglycerides.
Electrons Answer✓✓ Negatively charged subatomic particles. Orbitals Answer✓✓ Shells that electrons circle the atom in. Valence electrons Answer✓✓ Electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Chemical Bond Answer✓✓ When an atom gives, takes, or shares electrons to fill its outer orbital. Chemical Reaction Answer✓✓ An event where groups of atoms redistribute electrons among them. Molecules Answer✓✓ Structures consisting of atoms bound together by chemical bonds. Covalent Bond Answer✓✓ -2 or more atoms sharing a pair of valence electrons -Strongest bond -Polar or Nonpolar Non polar Bond Answer✓✓ When atoms share electrons equally. Polar bond Answer✓✓ Unequal sharing of electrons.
Ionic bond Answer✓✓ When one atom gives electrons so both have filled valence shells. Ions Answer✓✓ Atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. Cations Answer✓✓ A Positive Ion Anions Answer✓✓ A negative Ion Ionic Bonds Answer✓✓ Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. (NaCl) Hydrogen Bonds Answer✓✓ -Weak attraction between polar molecules. -When the (-) end of one molecule is attracted to the (+) end of another Hydrogen bonds Answer✓✓ Responsible for: -Water surface -Water capillary action -Shape of proteins -DNA structure Hydrophilic Answer✓✓ Polar molecules can dissolve in water which makes them __________.
Lipids Answer✓✓ -Hydrophobic compounds -Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids Triglycerides Answer✓✓ -Three fatty acids with a glycerol backbone -Saturated or unsaturated Phospholipids Answer✓✓ Contain a phosphate group (PO4) instead of a 3rd fatty acid. Amipathic Answer✓✓ When a phospholipid posses both polar and non polar ends. Steroids Answer✓✓ -Basic backbone of four interlocking carbon rings -Different functional groups attached to basic structures -Cholesterol, corticosteroids Prostaglandins Answer✓✓ Communication molecule between cells; ovulation and uterine contractions Proteins Answer✓✓ -Amino group -Carboxyl group -Side chain Peptide Bond Answer✓✓ Covalent bond linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next.
Polypeptide Answer✓✓ A molecule consisting of many joined amino acids. Primary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that is a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Secondary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that shows the formation of a helix in a protein chain due to hydrogen bonds forming between peptide bond regions. Tertiary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that is the twisting and folding of a single polypeptide chain our to a chemical interactions involving the amino acid side chain. (3D shape) Quaternary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that is the bonding and interactions of multiple polypeptide chains. Conjugated Proteins Answer✓✓ When proteins are combined with other molecules to become functional; Glycoprotein, Lipoprotein Glycoprotein Answer✓✓ Protein+Carbohydrate (Cell membrane) Lipoprotein Answer✓✓ Protein+Lipid (Carries molecules in blood) Protein functions Answer✓✓ -Structure -Enzymes -Antibodies
CHO in plasma membrane Answer✓✓ Glycolipids and Glycoproteins Cholesterol Answer✓✓ Inhibits fluidity for the cell membrane Bulk Transfer Answer✓✓ Large numbers of molecules can be exchanged with extracellular fluid simultaneously. Endocytosis Answer✓✓ Invagination of the plasma membrane to pull material into the cell. Receptor-mediated endocytosis Answer✓✓ -Specific endocytotic process -Binding of specific substances to receptor proteins of plasma membrane induces invagination -Substances pulled into the interior of the cell and packaged in vesicle Phagocytosis Answer✓✓ "Cell eating"; occurs in specialized cells using pseudopods Pinocytosis Answer✓✓ "Cell drinking"; engulfing of extracellular fluid Exocytosis Answer✓✓ -Merging of vesicle membrane with plasma membrane -Used to export materials and add materials to the plasma membrane Cilia Answer✓✓ Hair-like projections that move the plasma membrane.
Flagella Answer✓✓ Long whip-like structures found on mature sperm. Microvilli Answer✓✓ Fingerlike projections that increase surface area of vessel that they are on. Cytoplasm Answer✓✓ Portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus; consists of organelles and a cytoskeleton; storage of fat and protein production takes place here. Cytoskeleton Answer✓✓ A network or microtubules and microfilaments that move materials within the cell. Organelles Answer✓✓ -Nucleus -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi complex -Lysosome -Peroxisome -Mitochondrion Lysosomes Answer✓✓ -Sac-like organelles which contain digestive enzymes -Breaks down large molecules Autophagy Answer✓✓ The breaking down of molecules
Genes Answer✓✓ Sequences of DNA containing information needed to make proteins. Chromosome Answer✓✓ A highly coiled DNA containing genes. Genome Answer✓✓ The total of all the genes in the human body; ~20,000 genes Proteome Answer✓✓ All the different proteins produces in the human body; ~100, Chromatin Answer✓✓ DNA and associated proteins Transcription Answer✓✓ DNA-->RNA Translation Answer✓✓ RNA-->Protein Splicing Answer✓✓ Initial mRNA is not the same as final mRNA because of _______. Genetic Code Answer✓✓ Each codon (mRNA) encodes for one of the 20 amino acids Translation Answer✓✓ -Ribosome binds to mRNA -Reads codons -tRNA ends with complementary sequences
tRNA Answer✓✓ One end has a anticodon and the other end has the corresponding amino acid. mRNA Answer✓✓ Encodes the structure for a particular protein tRNA Answer✓✓ Carries amino acids to ribosomes for inclusion in a newly synthesized polypeptide. rRNA Answer✓✓ Structural components of ribosomes. DNA synthesis Answer✓✓ Separated double helix is used as a template to synthesize a new copy of the complementary strand. Interphase Answer✓✓ G1,S, and G Mitosis Answer✓✓ Formation of two identical daughter cells -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase Homologous Chromosomes Answer✓✓ Each pair of chromosomes Meiosis Answer✓✓ Process by which two cell division steps produce gametes.
Saturation Answer✓✓ When the substrate concentration is full. Phosphorylation Answer✓✓ Enzymes are activated by _______> Coenzymes Answer✓✓ -Aid enzymes in reaction -Derived from water-soluble vitamins -Transport hydrogen atoms and small molecules between enzymes Cofactors Answer✓✓ Metal ions covalently bound too the enzyme. Metabolic Pathway Answer✓✓ Begins with an initial substrate and ends with a final product; each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme Rate-limiting enzyme Answer✓✓ Keeps the final product from accumulating. First law of thermodynamics Answer✓✓ Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transformed. Energy Answer✓✓ Capacity to do work Bioenergetics Answer✓✓ The flow of energy in living systems. Kinetic Energy Answer✓✓ Energy of Motion -Thermal -Radiation
-Electrical Potential energy Answer✓✓ Stored energy -Chemical bonds in food -Concentration gradient Endergonic reactions Answer✓✓ Chemical reactions that require and input of energy Exergonic reactions Answer✓✓ Chemical reactions that produce energy Calorie Answer✓✓ Amount of energy to raise the temperate of one glucose molecule by 1 degree ATP Answer✓✓ Energy from glycolysis is stored in this usable form. Anabolism Answer✓✓ Requires the input of energy to synthesize large molecules Catabolism Answer✓✓ Released energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules Aerobic respiration Answer✓✓ Used oxygen as a reactant -Glycolysis -Krebs cycle -Electron transportation
