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Fundamentals of Human Physiology: Test 1 Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in human physiology, including the scientific method, homeostasis, physiological processes, levels of body organization, and basic cell structure and function. It serves as a valuable resource for students preparing for a test on these topics.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/21/2025

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University of Iowa: Fundamentals of Human
Physiology, Test 1 questions with correct
answers
The Scientific Method Answer✓✓ A humans understanding as to why things
work, such as the human body.
The Scientific Method Answer✓✓ Provides an objective approach to conducting
experiments to see if what you believe is actually true.
Steps of the Scientific Method Answer✓✓ -Make an observation
-Form a hypothesis
-Design and conduct experiments or make more observations
-Analyze data
-Reject or accept the hypothesis
Hypothesis Answer✓✓ Must be testable
Homeostasis Answer✓✓ Maintenance of a "relatively stable" internal
environment.
Physiological Processes Answer✓✓ The purpose of ________ _________ taking
place is to maintain homeostasis.
Physiological Pathways Answer✓✓ -Sensor
-Integrating Center
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University of Iowa: Fundamentals of Human

Physiology, Test 1 questions with correct

answers

The Scientific Method Answer✓✓ A humans understanding as to why things work, such as the human body. The Scientific Method Answer✓✓ Provides an objective approach to conducting experiments to see if what you believe is actually true. Steps of the Scientific Method Answer✓✓ -Make an observation -Form a hypothesis -Design and conduct experiments or make more observations -Analyze data -Reject or accept the hypothesis Hypothesis Answer✓✓ Must be testable Homeostasis Answer✓✓ Maintenance of a "relatively stable" internal environment. Physiological Processes Answer✓✓ The purpose of ________ _________ taking place is to maintain homeostasis. Physiological Pathways Answer✓✓ -Sensor -Integrating Center

-Effector Sensor Answer✓✓ Detects deviations in a condition away from a specified level (Set Point) Integrating Center Answer✓✓ -Controls the activity of the effectors based on input from the sensors -Regulates around set point Effector Answer✓✓ -Makes appropriate adjustments to counter the change -Opperates by feedback loop Negative Feedback Loop Answer✓✓ -Change in a condition leads to a response which counteract that change -Most common -Revolves around set point Positive Feedback Loop Answer✓✓ -Change in a condition leads to a response which amplifies that change -Subsequent output from the effector is increased as condition is pushed further away from the set point

Organ Answer✓✓ A group of two or more tissues. Organ system Answer✓✓ A group of organs that work together to perform related functions. Organism Answer✓✓ System working together in coordination. Muscle tissue Answer✓✓ Tissue designed for contraction. Skeletal muscle Answer✓✓ -Striated appearance -Multiple nuclei -Under voluntary control Smooth muscle Answer✓✓ -No Striations -Involuntary control Cardiac muscle Answer✓✓ -Found in heart -Striated -Involuntary Control Nervous Tissue Answer✓✓ -Communication network -Cells designed to receive and transmit information

Neurons Answer✓✓ Cells that use electrical signals to communicate at high speeds. Neuroglia Answer✓✓ Supports Neurons Epithelial Tissue Answer✓✓ Covers body surfaces; lines organs and tracts. Function of epithelial tissue Answer✓✓ -Regulate the movement of materials -Absorb -Excrete -Barrier -Protection -Form exocrine glands Connective Tissue Answer✓✓ Large amounts of extracellular matrix. Specialized Connective Tissue Answer✓✓ -Adipose Tissue -Cartilage -Blood -Bone Adipose tissue Answer✓✓ Most of interior is occupied by a droplet of triglycerides.

Electrons Answer✓✓ Negatively charged subatomic particles. Orbitals Answer✓✓ Shells that electrons circle the atom in. Valence electrons Answer✓✓ Electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Chemical Bond Answer✓✓ When an atom gives, takes, or shares electrons to fill its outer orbital. Chemical Reaction Answer✓✓ An event where groups of atoms redistribute electrons among them. Molecules Answer✓✓ Structures consisting of atoms bound together by chemical bonds. Covalent Bond Answer✓✓ -2 or more atoms sharing a pair of valence electrons -Strongest bond -Polar or Nonpolar Non polar Bond Answer✓✓ When atoms share electrons equally. Polar bond Answer✓✓ Unequal sharing of electrons.

Ionic bond Answer✓✓ When one atom gives electrons so both have filled valence shells. Ions Answer✓✓ Atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. Cations Answer✓✓ A Positive Ion Anions Answer✓✓ A negative Ion Ionic Bonds Answer✓✓ Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. (NaCl) Hydrogen Bonds Answer✓✓ -Weak attraction between polar molecules. -When the (-) end of one molecule is attracted to the (+) end of another Hydrogen bonds Answer✓✓ Responsible for: -Water surface -Water capillary action -Shape of proteins -DNA structure Hydrophilic Answer✓✓ Polar molecules can dissolve in water which makes them __________.

Lipids Answer✓✓ -Hydrophobic compounds -Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids Triglycerides Answer✓✓ -Three fatty acids with a glycerol backbone -Saturated or unsaturated Phospholipids Answer✓✓ Contain a phosphate group (PO4) instead of a 3rd fatty acid. Amipathic Answer✓✓ When a phospholipid posses both polar and non polar ends. Steroids Answer✓✓ -Basic backbone of four interlocking carbon rings -Different functional groups attached to basic structures -Cholesterol, corticosteroids Prostaglandins Answer✓✓ Communication molecule between cells; ovulation and uterine contractions Proteins Answer✓✓ -Amino group -Carboxyl group -Side chain Peptide Bond Answer✓✓ Covalent bond linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next.

Polypeptide Answer✓✓ A molecule consisting of many joined amino acids. Primary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that is a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Secondary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that shows the formation of a helix in a protein chain due to hydrogen bonds forming between peptide bond regions. Tertiary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that is the twisting and folding of a single polypeptide chain our to a chemical interactions involving the amino acid side chain. (3D shape) Quaternary Answer✓✓ Protein structure that is the bonding and interactions of multiple polypeptide chains. Conjugated Proteins Answer✓✓ When proteins are combined with other molecules to become functional; Glycoprotein, Lipoprotein Glycoprotein Answer✓✓ Protein+Carbohydrate (Cell membrane) Lipoprotein Answer✓✓ Protein+Lipid (Carries molecules in blood) Protein functions Answer✓✓ -Structure -Enzymes -Antibodies

CHO in plasma membrane Answer✓✓ Glycolipids and Glycoproteins Cholesterol Answer✓✓ Inhibits fluidity for the cell membrane Bulk Transfer Answer✓✓ Large numbers of molecules can be exchanged with extracellular fluid simultaneously. Endocytosis Answer✓✓ Invagination of the plasma membrane to pull material into the cell. Receptor-mediated endocytosis Answer✓✓ -Specific endocytotic process -Binding of specific substances to receptor proteins of plasma membrane induces invagination -Substances pulled into the interior of the cell and packaged in vesicle Phagocytosis Answer✓✓ "Cell eating"; occurs in specialized cells using pseudopods Pinocytosis Answer✓✓ "Cell drinking"; engulfing of extracellular fluid Exocytosis Answer✓✓ -Merging of vesicle membrane with plasma membrane -Used to export materials and add materials to the plasma membrane Cilia Answer✓✓ Hair-like projections that move the plasma membrane.

Flagella Answer✓✓ Long whip-like structures found on mature sperm. Microvilli Answer✓✓ Fingerlike projections that increase surface area of vessel that they are on. Cytoplasm Answer✓✓ Portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus; consists of organelles and a cytoskeleton; storage of fat and protein production takes place here. Cytoskeleton Answer✓✓ A network or microtubules and microfilaments that move materials within the cell. Organelles Answer✓✓ -Nucleus -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi complex -Lysosome -Peroxisome -Mitochondrion Lysosomes Answer✓✓ -Sac-like organelles which contain digestive enzymes -Breaks down large molecules Autophagy Answer✓✓ The breaking down of molecules

Genes Answer✓✓ Sequences of DNA containing information needed to make proteins. Chromosome Answer✓✓ A highly coiled DNA containing genes. Genome Answer✓✓ The total of all the genes in the human body; ~20,000 genes Proteome Answer✓✓ All the different proteins produces in the human body; ~100, Chromatin Answer✓✓ DNA and associated proteins Transcription Answer✓✓ DNA-->RNA Translation Answer✓✓ RNA-->Protein Splicing Answer✓✓ Initial mRNA is not the same as final mRNA because of _______. Genetic Code Answer✓✓ Each codon (mRNA) encodes for one of the 20 amino acids Translation Answer✓✓ -Ribosome binds to mRNA -Reads codons -tRNA ends with complementary sequences

tRNA Answer✓✓ One end has a anticodon and the other end has the corresponding amino acid. mRNA Answer✓✓ Encodes the structure for a particular protein tRNA Answer✓✓ Carries amino acids to ribosomes for inclusion in a newly synthesized polypeptide. rRNA Answer✓✓ Structural components of ribosomes. DNA synthesis Answer✓✓ Separated double helix is used as a template to synthesize a new copy of the complementary strand. Interphase Answer✓✓ G1,S, and G Mitosis Answer✓✓ Formation of two identical daughter cells -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase Homologous Chromosomes Answer✓✓ Each pair of chromosomes Meiosis Answer✓✓ Process by which two cell division steps produce gametes.

Saturation Answer✓✓ When the substrate concentration is full. Phosphorylation Answer✓✓ Enzymes are activated by _______> Coenzymes Answer✓✓ -Aid enzymes in reaction -Derived from water-soluble vitamins -Transport hydrogen atoms and small molecules between enzymes Cofactors Answer✓✓ Metal ions covalently bound too the enzyme. Metabolic Pathway Answer✓✓ Begins with an initial substrate and ends with a final product; each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme Rate-limiting enzyme Answer✓✓ Keeps the final product from accumulating. First law of thermodynamics Answer✓✓ Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transformed. Energy Answer✓✓ Capacity to do work Bioenergetics Answer✓✓ The flow of energy in living systems. Kinetic Energy Answer✓✓ Energy of Motion -Thermal -Radiation

-Electrical Potential energy Answer✓✓ Stored energy -Chemical bonds in food -Concentration gradient Endergonic reactions Answer✓✓ Chemical reactions that require and input of energy Exergonic reactions Answer✓✓ Chemical reactions that produce energy Calorie Answer✓✓ Amount of energy to raise the temperate of one glucose molecule by 1 degree ATP Answer✓✓ Energy from glycolysis is stored in this usable form. Anabolism Answer✓✓ Requires the input of energy to synthesize large molecules Catabolism Answer✓✓ Released energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules Aerobic respiration Answer✓✓ Used oxygen as a reactant -Glycolysis -Krebs cycle -Electron transportation