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UNIT 9 PATHO 551 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. Following a spinal cord injury suffered in a motor vehicle accident, a
22-year-old male has lost fine motor function of his finger and thumb, but is still able to perform gross motor movements of his hand and arm. Which of the following components of his white matter has most likely been damaged? Question options: The reticular formation The outer layer (neolayer) The middle layer (paleolayer) The inner layer (archilayer): The outer layer (neolayer)
2. The parents of a 15-year-old boy are frustrated by his persistent inability to
fall asleep at a reasonable hour at night, as well as the extreme difficulty that they have in rousing him in the morning. While sleepy after waking, the son claims not to feel drowsy after lunch or in the evening. What is the most likely classification of the boy's sleep disorder? Question options: Chronic insomnia Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS): Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)
3. A 51-year-old has been admitted to a rehabilitation center after hospital
treatment for an ischemic stroke. Which of the following aspects of the patient's history would not be considered to have contributed to his stroke? Question options: History of sickle cell anemia The patient is an African American Male Blood pressure that is normally 120/
She believes that she experiences auditory hallucinations when she awak- ens. Her sleep latency is normally around 1 hour.: She has frequently awakened unable to move or speak.
6. A patient in the intensive care unit who has a brain tumor has experienced
a sharp decline. The care team suspects that water and protein have crossed the blood-brain barrier and been transferred from the vascular space into the patient's interstitial space. Which of the following diagnoses best captures
this pathophysiology? Question options: Vasogenic edema Hydrocephalus Cytotoxic edema Focal hypoxia: Vasogenic edema
7. The unique clinical presentation of a three-month-old infant in the emer-
gency department leads the care team to suspect botulism. Which of the following assessment questions posed to the parents is likely to be most useful in the differential diagnosis? Question options: "Is there any mold in your home that you know of?" "Has your baby ever been directly exposed to any chemical cleaning prod- ucts?" "Is there any family history of neuromuscular diseases?" "Have you ever given your child any honey or honey-containing products?"- : "Have you ever given your child any honey or honey-containing products?"
8. A clinician is conducting an assessment of a male patient suspected of
having a disorder of motor function. Which of the following assessment findings would suggest a possible upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?
9. A nurse practitioner and social worker are facilitating a family meeting for
the children and wife of a 79-year-old man who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer disease. What goal of treatment will the clinicians most likely prioritize in their interactions with the family? Question options: Cognitive and behavioral therapy to counteract the agitation, depression, and suspiciousness associated with Alzheimer disease. The use of medications such as donepezil and rivastigmine to slow the progression of the disease Surgical treatment of the ischemic changes that underlie the manifestations of the man's disease Modest reversal of brain plaque formation and improved symptomatology through cholinesterase inhibitors: The use of medications such as donepezil and rivastigmine to slow the progression of the disease
10. Which of the following phenomena constitutes a component of axonal
transport? Question options: Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport allow for the communication of nerve impulses between a neuron and the central nervous system (CNS).
Materials can be transported to the nerve terminal by either fast or slow components. The unidirectional nature of the axonal transport system protects the CNS against potential pathogens. Axonal transport facilitates the movement of electrical impulses but pre- cludes the transport of molecular materials.: Materials can be transported to the nerve terminal by either fast or slow components.
11. A patient on an acute medicine unit of a hospital, with a diagnosis of small
bowel obstruction, is complaining of intense, diffuse pain in her abdomen. Which of the following physiologic phenomena is most likely contributing to her complaint? Question options:
Question options: A deficit of myelin predisposes the patient to infection by potential pathogens. Nerve cells lack insulation and impulse conduction is compromised by the destruction of myelin. The axonal transport system is compromised by the lack of myelin surround- ing nerve cells. The destruction of myelin causes fewer Schwann cells to be produced in
the patient's PNS.: Nerve cells lack insulation and impulse conduction is compro- mised by the destruction of myelin.
14. A woman with severe visual and auditory deficits is able to identify indi-
viduals by running her fingers lightly over their face. Which of the following sources is most likely to provide the input that allows for the woman's ability? Question options: Free nerve endings Meissner corpuscles Ruffini end organs Pacinian corpuscles: Meissner corpuscles
15. A student is feeling inside her backpack to find her mobile phone, which
has fallen to the bottom, and there are a number of items in the bag in addition to the phone. Which of the following components of somatosensory conduction is most likely to provide the detailed sensory information that will help her distinguish her phone from other items? Question options: A bilateral, multisynaptic, slow-conducting tract The opposite anterolateral pathway that travels to the reticular activating system A slow-conducting pathway that projects into the intralaminar nuclei of the
ultimately exacerbates, symptoms of mental illness. Severing connections between the brain and its prefrontal areas inhibits problem solving and results in a loss of ambition. Lobotomy inhibits the individual's ability to add perception and meaning to sensory information. Individuals treated by lobotomy have difficulty interpreting somatic, visual, and auditory information.: Severing connections between the brain and its pre- frontal areas inhibits problem solving and results in a loss of ambition.
17. A nurse practitioner is providing care for a 40-year-old male who is experi-
encing chronic insomnia in recent months while going through a divorce and child custody proceedings. The man is requesting a prescription for "sleep- ing pills" to help him through this time. Which of the following statements forms a valid basis for the nurse practitioner's plan for treatment? Question options: Behavioral therapies, counseling, and education may be of some use to the patient. Melatonin supplements will be the safest and most effective long-term phar- macological treatment. The man is suffering from primary insomnia.
Sedative and hypnotic drugs will not provide safe relief of the man's health problem.: Behavioral therapies, counseling, and education may be of some use to the patient.
18. A 70-year-old male has been diagnosed with a stroke that resulted in an
infarct to his cerebellum. Which of the following clinical findings would be most closely associated with cerebellar insult? Question options: Unsteady gait and difficulty speaking and swallowing Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia Difficulty starting movement, stopping movement, and maintaining rhythmic
entiated during embryonic development. The infant's spinal cord and meninges protrude through his skin. The vertebral arches around his neural tube have failed to completely close.- : The vertebral arches around his neural tube have failed to completely close.
21. A 44-year-old female has been diagnosed with major depression. Which of
the following neuroimaging findings is most congruent with the woman's diagnosis? Question 1 options:
Enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and reduction in frontal and temporal volumes Atrophy and decreased blood flow in the amygdala Reduced activity and gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex Decreased brain activity in the pons and brain stem: Reduced activity and gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex
22. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes an
aspect of the neurobiology of sleep? Question 2 options: Input from the retinas is interpreted by the cerebellum and contributes to maintenance of the circadian rhythm. The reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex interact to integrate the sleep-wake cycle. The pituitary releases melatonin at predictable points in the circadian rhythm in order to facilitate sleep. The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior and posterior pituitary to mod- ulate sleeping-waking cycles.: The reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex interact to integrate the sleep-wake cycle.
"Your daughter has lost all her cognitive functions as well as all her basic reflexes.": "Though she still goes through a cycle of sleeping and waking, her condition is unlikely to change."
24. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to experience
global ischemia to his or her brain? Question 4 options: A woman who is being brought to the hospital by ambulance following suspected carbon monoxide poisoning related to a faulty portable heater A man who has entered cardiogenic shock following a severe myocardial infarction A woman who has been admitted to the emergency department with a suspected intracranial bleed A male patient who has just had an ischemic stroke confirmed by CT of his head: A man who has entered cardiogenic shock following a severe myocardial infarction
25. A patient with a diagnosis of depression has been prescribed a medica-
tion that ultimately increases the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin between neurons. Which of the following processes will accompany the actions of the neurotransmitter in her chemical synapses? Question 5 options:
More serotonin molecules will cross the synaptic cleft and bond with post- synaptic receptors. The neurotransmitter will cross gap junctions more readily. Communication between a neuron and the single neuron it is connected with will be facilitated. Two-way communication between neurons is permitted, in contrast to the one-way communication in electrical synapses.: More serotonin molecules will cross the synaptic cleft and bond with postsynaptic receptors.
