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Definitions for key terms and theories in the field of criminology, including norms, law, crime, hate crime, white-collar crime, institutional violence, and various criminal justice concepts. It also covers various perspectives in criminology, such as labeling theory, strain theory, and differential association theory.
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Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 A norm formally created through a society's political system. TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 The violation of a criminal law enacted by the federal, state, or local government. TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 A less serious crime punishable by less than one year in prison. TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 A more serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison.
Crime that involves theft of property belonging to others. TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 Crime that involves violence or the threat of violence against others. TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 Repeated efforts by someone to establish or reestablish a relationship against the will of the victim. TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 Violation of the law by young people. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 A criminal offense against a person, property, or society motivated by the offender'sbias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity or national origin.
The intentional, unlawful killing of four or more people at one time and place. TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 The killing of several people by one offender over a period of time. TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 Groups of young people who identify with one another and with a particular territory. TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 Society's use of due process, involving police, courts, and punishment, to enforce the law. TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 Moral vengeance by which society inflicts suffering on an offender comparable to that caused by the offense. Justification for punishment
Using punishment to discourage further crime. Justification for punishment TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 Reforming an offender to prevent future offenses. Justification for punishment TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 Protecting the public by preventing an offender from committing further offenses through incarceration or execution. Justification for punishment TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 Correctional programs that take place in society at large rather than behind prison walls.
Italian doctor idea that criminals were physically different from law- abiding people studied physical features of men and concluded criminals appear apelike however, traits of men in prison were same as men outside of prison TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 Examined body types of hundreds of young men (criminal and not criminal) men with athletic builds more likely criminal than men who were fat and round or thin and wiry TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 Confirmed William Sheldon's claim muscular body not cause of criminal behavior muscular and athletic = more independent emotional distance from parents = less sensitivity to others muscular builds = bullies = future criminal behavior TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 crime exists everywhere structural-functional analysis The 4 Functions of Crime:1. crime affirms a society's norms and values2. crime recognition clarifies between right and wrong3. reacting to crime brings people together4. crime encourages social change criminals are normal and crime is a part of society TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 structural-functional analysis Strain Theory - explains why rule-breaking takes various forms.--- 5 predicted reasons: Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
Opportunity Structure - people who are cut off from conventional opportunities are likely to engage in crime only if they have reason to do so. extension of Merton's theory structural-functional analysis TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 structural-functional analysis Control Theory - what discourages people from committing crimes is having strong social ties; integration within the community.--- 4 kinds of social ties: (ppl likely to resist temptation of crime) attachment to other people commitmentto conformity involvement in conventional activities belief in rightness of cultural norms and values TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 Differential Association Theory - learning takes place in social groups. Progress toward conformity or deviance depends on others encouraging conventional behavior through associations. symbolic-interaction analysis TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 symbolic-interaction analysis Labeling Theory - "reality" of problem is a matter of how people label the behavior. no action is right or wrong in any obsolete sense TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 symbolic-interaction analysis Primary and Secondary Deviance - how individuals can be changed by labels others apply to them. primary acts of deviance bring about little reaction from others (skipping school, experimenting with drugs, underage drinking) others' reaction to primary deviance can provoke secondary deviance - person begins to change, basing choices on this new identity
