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Unit 4 Bio principles Genetics Latest
2024 Graded A+
Gregor Mendel ✔✔a, father of genetics
Genome ✔✔a, the complete genetic material contained in an individual
Genes ✔✔..., sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Mutation ✔✔..., change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Blending Inheritance ✔✔..., each trait of the offspring is a mixture of traits of both parents
Law of segregation ✔✔..., members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair
P Generation ✔✔..., true-breeding parents
F1 Generation ✔✔..., the first offspring from a cross of two varieties in the parental (P) generation
F2 generation ✔✔..., the offspring from crosses among individuals of the F1 generation
9:3:3:1 ✔✔..., phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross
Allele ✔✔..., alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism
Genotype ✔✔..., the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism
Phenotype ✔✔..., what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
Dominant Trait ✔✔..., the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited
Recessive trait ✔✔..., a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited,
test cross ✔✔mating of an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual
Linked genes ✔✔genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses
unlinked genes ✔✔Genes on separate chromosomes that sort out independently of each other.
Locus ✔✔the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
Recombination map ✔✔shows how genes closer together are less likely to split apart, related to the effect of the gene at the phenotypic level; show the loci of genes for which mutant alleles (and their mutant phenotypes) have been found
cytological map ✔✔this locates the genes with respect to the chromosomal features, such as stained bands, that can be seen in the microscope
Chromosomes ✔✔threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Independent assortement ✔✔the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
Linkage group ✔✔alleles of different genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together
autosomes ✔✔chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual
sex chromosomes ✔✔one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual
N and 2N ✔✔N is the haploid number of chromosomes in an organism. While 2n is the diploid number, the pair of chromosomes in each cell.
Temperature induced (sex determinations?) ✔✔figure this out before exam
Non-disjunctions ✔✔failure of homologous to seperate in Meiosis I or failure of chromatids to seperate in Meiosis II
Inheritance Patterns ✔✔Inheritance patterns trace the transmission of genetically encoded traits, conditions or diseases to offspring
Blood groups ✔✔A, B, AB, O and the Rh factor (+ or -)
Multiple alleles ✔✔the existence of more than two alleles (versions of the gene) for a genetic trait
codominance ✔✔situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism, a condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive, inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles
Paternity case ✔✔to do with blood groups figure wtf this means, **** brooks
RH factor ✔✔a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people
, the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia
, a marker on Red blood cells that determine whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative
, Antigen found in red blood cells; used in blood typing.
Incomplete dominance ✔✔one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele
Polygenic inheritance ✔✔occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together and produces a specific trait, such as human eye color, skin color, or height
, An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
epistasis ✔✔a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
Pleitropy ✔✔the control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene
, A single gene affects more than one trait
DNA ✔✔(biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
RNA ✔✔(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes
DNA VS RNA ✔✔RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine like DNA, RNA is single-stranded rather than double-stranded like DNA, RNA is smaller than DNA
Chargaff's rule ✔✔Equal amounts of adenine bonds with thymine and equal amount of guanine bonds with cytosine.
, [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing.
Waston and Crick ✔✔Developed the current model for the DNA double helix; determine the structure of DNA
5 end 3 end ✔✔ask becca
Central Dogma ✔✔theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
replication ✔✔(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
transcription ✔✔DNA serves as a template for RNA
process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule
translation ✔✔(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
retroviruses ✔✔viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information
Helicase ✔✔an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
RNA splicing ✔✔process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
Intron ✔✔Long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information
exon ✔✔expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein, coding region in RNA transcript, sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures
DNA>RNA>Protein ✔✔central dogma, RNA determined by dna, protein determined by rna
Genetic Code ✔✔the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells, NEARLY UNIVERSAL
Codons ✔✔A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
amino acid ✔✔basic building blocks of protein molecules
Nucleotide ✔✔The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
ribosomal rna ✔✔type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes, rRNA
Peptide bond ✔✔the primary linkage of all protein structures, covalent bond formed between amino acids, A bond that links amino acids together in a protein
Transfer RNA ✔✔short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell
, type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
Anti-Codons ✔✔Three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA
Anti-codons vs codons ✔✔??
