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denervation hypersensitivity
occasionally patients suffer from primary autonomic failure when sympathetic neurons degenerate in the face of continuing diminished sympathetic input, target tissue up-regulate, putting more receptors into the cell membrane to maximize the cells response to available nor-epinephrine. this increase in receptor abundance leads to denervation hypersensitivity, a state in which the administration of exogenous adrenergic agonist causes a greater-than-expected response. TERM 2
ganglia
DEFINITION 2 in the sympathetic division of ANS they act as paravertebral, collateral aka prevertebral. In the parasympathetic the ganglia act as terminal ganglia TERM 3
mass activation
DEFINITION 3 program is automatically called when a transport request is imported into a system. The mass activation program must get a list of ABAP Dictionary objects. All objects in the list are then activated in one action. TERM 4
sympathadrenal system
DEFINITION 4 "involving the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system". It normally relates to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system which acts on the adrenal medulla of the kidney to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. TERM 5
dual innervation
DEFINITION 5 for example; sympathetic innervation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic stimulation decreases it. consequently heart rate can be regulated by altering the relative proportions of sympathetic and parasympathetic control. see page 380
what are the two parts of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic TERM 7
sympathetic major function?
DEFINITION 7 pathways use acetylcholine and norepinephrine. most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete nor-epinephrine onto adrenergic receptors on the target cell. TERM 8
parasympathetic major function?
DEFINITION 8 pathways use acetylcholine. most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the target cell. TERM 9
memorize figure 11.
DEFINITION 9 page 383. where are the neurons for each located? TERM 10
what type of neurons are in the ANS?
DEFINITION 10 motor neurons in Parasympathetic Nervous System
collateral (prevertebral) ganglia
happen in sympathetic see page 391 TERM 17
terminal ganglia
DEFINITION 17 happen in parasympatheticsee page 391 TERM 18
which division uses which?
DEFINITION 18 which division uses each of the above ganglia, see page 391 TERM 19
Which division has long pre-ganlionic
fibers?
DEFINITION 19 parasympathetic preganglionic neruons have long axons and parasympathetic ppostganglinic neruons have short axons.page 381 TERM 20
which division has long post-ganglionic
fibers?
DEFINITION 20 because most sympathetic ganglia lie close to the spinal cord, sympathetic pathways generally have short pre- ganglionic neurons and long post-ganglionic neurons.
autonomic reflex
control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tissue. autonomic nervous system is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. TERM 22
somatic reflex?
DEFINITION 22 control skeletal muscle. requires conscious thought usually. TERM 23
What portions of the CNS modify the
autonomic reflex?
DEFINITION 23 Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the CNS at T1- L2.neurotransmitter acetylcholine. short preganglionic fibers; synapse at the paravertebral ganglia or collateral ganglia. TERM 24
what neurotransmitter is used in all
ganglionic fibers?
DEFINITION 24 primary autonomic neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and norepinephrine. all preganglionic neurons secrete ACh onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors. table 11.3 page 388 TERM 25
what is the receptor in the ganglia?
DEFINITION 25 Adrenergic; norepinephrine is the usual neurotransmitter (alpha and beta receptors). Some use ACh (muscarinic receptors) blood vessels in skeletal muscles, sweat glands. see page 381, table 11.
Why don't cutaneous effectors receive
sympathetic but not parasympathetic
innervation?
Because most parasympathetic fibers DO NOT travel within the spinal nerves, as do sympathetic fibers TERM 32
what cranial nerves carry parasympathetic
fibers?
DEFINITION 32 cranial nerves III (midbrain) VII (pons), IX and X (medulla oblongate) TERM 33
Which cranial nerve is the most important for
homeostasis?
DEFINITION 33 vagus nerve, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration TERM 34
MEMORIZE
DEFINITION 34 summary of the ANS on black board. need to know 1) transmitters, the receptors (and the mechanism by which they work, e.g., Ca++ as second messenger), and the actions of the SNS and PSNS for each of the organs or organ systems listed. Use the mnemonics to help you. TERM 35
what two types of nuclei are in the gray
matter of the cerebellum?
DEFINITION 35
- cerebellar cortex 2. cerebellar nuclei
what is the function of the cerebellar cortex
and where is it located?
located in the gray matter in the cerebellum and responsible for involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements
