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Afferent effector?
conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied). TERM 2
association
DEFINITION 2 an association area integrates from sensory and motor areas and can direct voluntary behaviorspage 306 TERM 3
sensor
DEFINITION 3 a response loop begins when a stimulus is sensed by a sensor. the sensor is linked by the input signal to the integrating center that decides on an appropriate response. TERM 4
effector
DEFINITION 4 is the targetsee page 195 TERM 5
efferent effector?
DEFINITION 5 conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).
nerves
There are three main types of nerves: Afferent nerves, efferent nerves and mixed nerves. Afferent nerves transmit signals from sensory neurons to the central nervous system; efferent nerves transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. TERM 7
nerves are found?
DEFINITION 7 The nerve is composed of different types of axons, and it is through theseaxonsthat the electrochemical nerve impulses (mentioned above) are transmitted. Nerves are found in the peripheral nervous system. TERM 8
neurons
DEFINITION 8 Neurons consist of various parts including the soma, nucleus, extensions called the dendrite tree, and the many axons. The soma is the central part of the neuron, and the nucleus is found within the soma. Dendrites form extensions from the neuron, and axons are the extensions from the soma. TERM 9
neurons are found?
DEFINITION 9 neurons are found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. TERM 10
nerves powerpoint
DEFINITION 10 all types of fibers. nerve impulses or compound action potential. threshold: the most easily stimulated neurons produce an AP. -maximal stimulus: all the neurons in the nerve have AP's
simple reflex
ex: brain receives sensory input from the internal and external environments, integrates and process the information, and if appropriate, creates a response. this is an example of a simple reflex pathway as above. TERM 17
double reciprocal reflex
DEFINITION 17 affects muscles on the contralateral side of the cord.ex: step on tack foot is withdrawn by contraction of flexors and relaxation of extensors. contralateral leg extends to support body. TERM 18
reciprocal inhibition
DEFINITION 18 is the second mechanism which deals with the relationships of the agonist and antagonist musclesex: stretch of the knee extensors (quadriceps muscles) inhibits knee flexors (hamstrings) Ia (fast conducting) afferents activate interneurons that inhibit (hyper polarize), a motor neurons innervating hamstrings.Functional significane: coordination of antagonists hamstrings are relaxed when quadriceps contracts. TERM 19
ascending tracts of the spinal cord?
DEFINITION 19 tracts; anterior spinothalamic, lateral spinothalamic, fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus coneatus. posterior spinocerebellar. and anterior spinocerebellar.stable 8.4 from powerpoint. TERM 20
where do they synapse
DEFINITION 20 table 8.4 powerpoint
what is the significance of crossing and
ascending tracts?
Ascending tracts Sensory see powerpoint slide picture TERM 22
what is the significance of crossing and
descending tracts?
DEFINITION 22 Descending tracts Motor see powerpoint picture TERM 23
what do the waves of an EEG represent?
DEFINITION 23 EEG readings involves the interpretation of wave forms largely by their frequency and, to a lesser extent, by the morphology of a wave or wave complex TERM 24
alpha waves represent?
DEFINITION 24 5-13 Hz, closed eyes TERM 25
beta waves represent? frequency
DEFINITION 25 14-25 Hz, opens eyes.
Reflexive memory
recall is automatic and does not require conscious attention. - acquired slowly through repetition. -includes motor skills and rules and procedures. - procedural memories can be demonstrated. TERM 32
Declarative memory
DEFINITION 32 -recall requires conscious attention. -depends on higher-level thinking skills such as inference, comparison, and evaluation. -memories can be reported verbally. TERM 33
what is cognitive behavior?
DEFINITION 33 ability to judge and reason effectively; perception of surroundings. ex: Alzheimers disease, language. TERM 34
how does language effect cognitive
behavior?
DEFINITION 34 because language is considered the most elaborate cognitive behavior, it has received considerable attention from neurobiologists. see page 317 TERM 35
what is receptive aphasia
DEFINITION 35 the inability to understand visual and auditory stimuli. hard to treat. located in wrenches area (temporal lobe; integration of sensory.)
what is expressive aphasia?
can understand stimuli but cannot respond properly. can use speech therapy. Located in Broca's area (frontal lobe; integration and motor).
