Understanding Movement Preparation - Motor Learning - Lecture Slides, Slides of Physical Education and Motor Learning

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Understanding Movement

Preparation

Overview

• In chapter one we talked about the abilities (or ‘hardware’) that people bring with them to motor performance
• In chapter two we address the processes (or software) people use when attempting skilled movements - If you will work with individuals with physical or mental challenges, the performance problems are often caused by impairments in one or more of the processes

Stimulus Identification Stage

• Stage 1: Has a stimulus been presented and what is it? - Environmental information is analyzed through senses - Performers categorize the information according to patterns - Types of objects, pattern of movement, colors

Response Selection Stage

• Stage 2: What response, if any, should be made to the stimulus? - Based on the identification of the stimulus, the performer translates the information to the possible forms of movement output to be made - A decision is made

The End Result

• Output!
  • Execution of the movement determined to be appropriate - The execution can be successful or unsuccessful
  • The next component of information processing is important to the next attempt to be made

Feedback!

• As movement is initiated, intrinsic feedback can be used to make adjustments to the movement (if time permits)
• Intrinsic and extrinsic feedback that occurs after the output occurs should influence the next attempt
• What differences in processing demands might exist for open and closed skills?

Components of Response Time

Preparing a Response

• Reaction Time (RT)
  • Interval of time between the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is initiated. - Is a good indicator of the speed and effectiveness of decision making
• Indicative of the amount of time needed to prepare a response.
• Influenced by several factors.
  • Number of choices
  • Strategies to create or reduce uncertainty to response

Relationship Between Number of

Stimulus-Response Alternatives and

RT

An Important Strategy

• An important strategy that athletes use to slow down their opponent’s decision making is to increase the number of SR choices - Increase the number of different pitches - Increase the variety of spiking positions from a setter - Increase the variety of serves in racquetball or tennis

Practice and SR Compatibility

• Amount of practice
  • The greater the amount of practice, the shorter the choice RT - Extreme amounts of practice, high level performers can become almost automatic
• Nature of practice
  • When the same SR combinations are practiced, choice RT becomes faster

Dealing with decision-making delays

• Anticipation!
  • The more predictable a stimulus, the quicker and more accurately a response can be made
• Related to reducing the number of response choices as possible options are narrowed down

Effective anticipation

• Regularity of events affects our capability to predict - Precues: warning signal or action given by a person to help us predict - ‘telegraphing’ a movement - “always” done in a particular way

Costs of Anticipation

• Cost/benefit tradeoff: 80% probability = decreased RT
• If wrong prep, RT will be slower as you must ‘unprepare’ the movement
• If wrong movement is initiated: even longer response delay - Must inhibit incorrect response, prepare the correct response, and execute in the correct fashion