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UNCW BIO 2 01 ACTUAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION - 2025/2026-
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Genome The ___________, which refers to the complete genetic composition of an organism, provides continuity from one generation to the next. DNA Genomics involves the analysis of the ____________ sequences of genomes. Proteins The role of most genes is to encode mRNAs that are used in the production of ____________. Binomial nomenclature The two-part system used for scientific names is referred to as: genus ; specific
In the binomial nomenclature system, each organism is given a unique scientific name: the first part is its ____________, and the second part is its ____________ epithet. Evolution What is a unifying concept in biology that explains the diversity of life? Prokaryotic ; Eukaryotic ____________ organisms do not contain a nucleus, while ____________ organisms do contain a nucleus. Genus and species What level of classification are used to name organisms in the binomial nomenclature system? proteins The majority of genes provide instructions for the synthesis of Genome
In the case of multi-cellular organisms, cells of the same type that associate with one another form a(n) evolution The phenomenon of populations of organisms changing from generation to generation is known as biological __________ cells ; organ. Similar _________ make up a tissue, and two or more types of tissues make up a(n) __________ Vertical descent with mutation and horizontal gene transfer Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya What are the three domains of life? atoms Molecules are formed by the bonding together of:
Primitive cells The first living organisms on Earth were Mutations In vertical evolution, new species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of ___________, which are changes in the genetic message. Horizontal gene transfer Which type of gene transfer can occur between members of different species? (1)Kingdom, (2)Phylum, (3)Class, (4)Order, (5)Family, (6)Genus, (7)Species. Acronym: KPCOFGS (King Phillip Came Over for Good Sex) List the taxonomic order and create an acronym: Species, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom, Genus.
What is Vertical Gene Transfer? Transfer of genes from organism that may not be directly related i.e. antibiotic resistance transferred between some bacterial species. What is Horizontal Gene Transfer? Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia What are the 3 kingdoms within the domain Eukarya? Atoms connected by bonds What are molecules? Covalent and hydrogen bonds What types of bonds are present in CFTR protein transporter and hemoglobin? Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Phosphorous and Sulfur What elements or atoms are particularly important to biology? Strong; Shares electrons
Define a covalent bond Strong; Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another. This transfer results in two ions. Ex: NaCl or salt Define an ionic bond Weak; Shares hydrogen atom between two other molecules frequently found in proteins and nucleus acids Define a hydrogen bond Sharing electrons Define a Van der Waals bond Excludes or does not interact with water. Ex: lipids are repulsed from water Define hydrophobic interactions They generate the emergent properties that make compounds different from atoms; the different arrangements help us predict interactions between atoms. Electrons are important for bonds because
Define cohesion There are many hydrogen bonds between water molecules at any one instant Water is extraordinarily cohesive because pH (potenz H+) Negative log10 of hydrogen ion connections in mol/L. How is the concentration of hydrogen ions measured? Above 7 has a lower [H+] and is basic What is a base? Less than 7 has higher [H+] and is acidic What is an acid? It's side chains move in response to the increased acidity What happens when a protein is surrounded by more H+? Ionic
What kind of bond ocurs when a cation binds to an anion? negative Ions that have a net _____________ charge are called anions. has both non-polar and polar regions An amphipathic molecule: tertiary The three dimensional shape of a polypetide is the _____________ structure Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals In what organisms are starch and glycogen found? Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates, and Lipids What are the four categories of macromolecules? Insulation, Support cushion for organs, and energy storage
Phosphate group, charged nitrogen-containing region, and a glycerol backbone. What are the parts that make up the polar hydrophillic region of a phospholipid molecule? Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon What are the three atoms found in all carbohydrates? Hydrogen What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix? Peptide A type of covalent bond called a ____________ bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. linear and ring What are the two possible shapes formed by monosaccharides such as glucose?
Macromolecules ____________ are large molecules made from smaller organic molecules. Earnest Rutherford Who established the basic concept of the structure of the atom? The physical region of space where an electron may be found Define an orbital True True or false: The number of protons in an atom is equal to its atomic number Measured in units called Daltons (Da); equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons present within an atom Describe atomic mass Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and waxes What are the four classes of lipids?
covalent bond Amino acids in primary structure are connected by what type of bond? alpha helix; beta pleated sheet; amino acid chain begins to fold 3-dimensionally but not specifically. What are the characteristics of secondary structure? Interaction between side chains of amino acids that may result in hydrophobia/hydrolysis, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges. What are the characteristics of tertiary structure? There are more than one primary chains present What are the characteristics of quaternary structure? True True or false: hemoglobin is a quaternary structured protein Allosteric What type of shape modifier expresses changes that are due to external influence that is not a permanent change
True True or false: change of shape is equal to change of function in proteins proteome The complete protein composition of a cell or organism is called the transduction When a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, it activates a signal ___________ pathway in the underlying cell. anabolism Cellular molecules and macromolecules are produced by: Protein secretion, processing, and sorting Which of the following are the overlapping functions of the Golgi Apparatus? Fluid-filled tubules and cisternae Thee membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum form which of the following?
___________ attaches carbohydrates to proteins and lipids Rigid The cell walls of most bacteria and archaea are They aid in attachment to cell surfaces; prevent animals' immune systems from destroying bacterial cells What are the functions of the capsules that some bacteria produce? Microtubules Long, hollow, structures about 25 nm in diameter and composed of the protein tubulin Peroxisomes Eukaryotic organelles that catalyze certain reactions that degrade molecules and certain reactions that form new ones. Catabolism Breaking down molecules to smaller components
Cytosol The region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the membrane-bound organelles but inside the plasma membrane Development of multi-cellular organisms; recognition of cells by cells Which functions are attributed to cell adhesion? Lysosomes Acid hydrolases are found in which organelle? Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Lysosomes break down what molecules with acid hydrolases? lumen The proper term for an internal space of an organelle is Hooke Studied cork cells in 1600s
