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What |is |Social |Psychology? |(Ch.1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |scientific |study |of |how |people's |thoughts, |feelings, |and |behaviors |are |influenced |by |the |actual, |imagined, |or |implied |presence |of |others. What |is |NOT |Social |Psychology? |(Ch.1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Social |psychology |is |not |the |same |as |personality, |cognitive, |and |sociology/anthropology |psychology. The |Power |of |the |Situation |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Kurt |Lewin |is |the |father |of |social |psychology |and |believed |that |behavior |is |a |function |of |the |person |and |their |environment. Fundamental |Attribution |Error |(Ch.1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |you |assess |a |situation |you |attribute |someones |behaviors |more |towards |their |personalities |and |neglect |the |importance |of |the |situation. Ex. |Someone |cuts |you |off |and |you |assume |they |are |a |jerk, |but |really |they |have |a |sick |kid |in |the |back |you |are |trying |to |get |to |the |doctor. Proximal |vs. |Distal |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Proximal: |here-and-now, |immediate |situation, |your |perception |of |the |situation, |concious/unconcious |percieving/reacting |to |a |situation. Ex. |Good |Samaratin |study Distal: |more |removed |in |time, |culture, |evolution, |socialization&learning, |shapes |behavior |but |not |something |in |your |immediate |environment.
Context |Matters |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |context |and |situation |have |everything |to |do |with |why |things |go |a |certain |way. Ex. |You |eat |more |food |if |your |food |is |on |a |large |plate |rather |than |a |small |plate. Channel |Factors |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Situational |circumstances |that |seem |unimportant |may |have |great |consequences |for |behavior, |either |facilitating |it, |guiding |it, |or |blocking |it. Construal |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Peoples |interpretations |and |inferences |about |the |stimuli |or |situations |they |confront. |Often |times |how |you |interpret |(or |chose |to |understand) |something |can |be |more |objective |than |the |objective |characteristics |do. Ex. |Facebook |interactions |or |feedback |from |an |advisor Schemas |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Generalized |knowledge |about |the |physical |and |social |worlds, |such |as |how |they |behave |in |certain |situations |and |with |certain |kinds |of |people. |Basically |it |is |an |organized |body |of |stored |information, |like |an |"auto-pilot" |of |every |day |situations. Ex. |What |do |you |associate |partying |vs |class |with? What |do |Proximal |vs. |Distal |Factors |Effect? |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Proximal |factors |can |impact |channel |factors, |construals, |and |schemas. Distal |factors |are |the |broader |aspects |of |culture, |evolution, |etc. |They |are |the |things |that |are |not |so |immediate |and |obvious. Individualist |vs. |Collectivist |Cultures |(Ch. |1) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Individualist |cultures |pride |themselves |on |the |characteristics |that |make |them |unique |to |a |society. |Ex. |USA, |Canada, |and |Western |Europe.
Self- |Report |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Fill |out |a |response |based |on |what |you |think |about |the |way |you |react. Advantages: |allow |people |to |truly |express |themselves, |few |restrictions, |and |people |can |define |things |as |they |find |them |important Disadvantages: |can |be |difficult |to |compare |responses |or |to |statistically |analyze |responses/ |group |differences Behavior |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Quantify |something |based |on |the |behaviors |exhibited. Advantages: |vast |number |of |options |for |defining, |if |the |behavior |is |the |variable |then |you |don't |need |to |create |a |hypothesis |construct Disadvantages: |may |only |be |a |temporary |or |situational |indicator |of |a |construct, |may |not |be |complete, |only |covers |a |small |portion |of |someting Research |Methods |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Observational: |a |researcher |observes |someone |doing |something |and |then |records |down |what |they |have |observed. Archival: |involves |analyzing |behavior |that |has |been |previously |recorded. Survey: |a |researcher |asks |participants |questions |through |a |questionnaire. Correlation |Designs |(Ch. |2) |vs. |Experimental |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Often |used |as |the |first |step |before |using |an |experimental |design |because |they |are |easier |and |cheaper. | Correlation |is |the |relationship |between |X |and |Y. |Two |or |more |factors |studied |that |occur |in |the |"natural" |world.
An |experimental |design |is |trying |to |figure |out |if |X |caused |Y. |One |or |more |variables |are |manipulated |and |their |responses |on |another |variable |are |measured. Correlation |Coefficient |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |statistical |relationship |between |two |variables |(X |& |Y). |It |describes |how |they |are |related |on |a |scale |of |-1.00 |to |+1.00. |The |larger/ |more |extreme |the |number, |the |stronger |the |relationship |between |the |two |variables.Strength |and |direction |(+/-) |is |what |matters. |Correlation |does |not |imply |causation!!! Causality |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |should |only |make |causal |conclusions |if |we |have |conducted |a |study |that |uses |an |experimental |design. |This |eliminates |issues |of |reverse |causality |and |third |variable |problems. Factors |of |Experimental |Design |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Independent |Variable: |this |variable |is |manipulated |by |the |researcher |and |hypothesized |to |cause |a |change |in |the |dependent |variable. Dependent |Variable: |The |variable |that |is |being |measured |for |a |change |based |on |the |effects |of |the |independent |variable. Control |Condition: |is |the |group |used |to |compare |against. Random |Assignment: |there |is |equal |probability |that |every |member |in |the |selection |will |be |chosen. Replication: |must |be |done |to |make |sure |that |you |don't |get |biased |responses. |Your |answers |are |not |skewed |one |way |or |another. So |the |cycle |is |replication, |manipulation, |control |group, |random |assigment, |and |REPEAT!
If |the |CRT |is |valid |then |it |should |correlate |with |other |measures |of |intellegence |such |as |IQ |and |GPA. If |it |is |reliable |then |it |should |give |us |the |same |score |on |the |1st, |2nd, |3rd, |and |4th |tries. Basic |Science |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Trying |to |understand |some |phenomenon |in |its |own |right. |The |purpose |is |to |build |valid |theories |about |the |nature |of |some |aspects |of |the |worlds. Ex. |Social |psychologist |studying |the |nature |of |human |beings. Applied |Science |(Ch. |2) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Science |concerned |with |solving |some |real |world |problem |of |importance. Ex. |Social |psychologist |encouraging |people |to |use |condoms |to |prevent |the |spread |of |STDs. The |Self |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Who |you |define |yourself |as; |made |up |of |two |parts |known |as |personality |and |social |roles. Personality |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |different |parts |that |make |up |your |personality |can |be |genetic |or |environmental. |Personality |is |just |consistent |behaviors |the |describe |the |way |you |act |across |the |board |in |different |situations. |Social |experieces |such |as |with |family, |reflected |self-appraisal, |and |birth |order |can |affect |this. Diversification |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Siblings |tend |to |occupy |different |niches |within |a |family |or |home |so |you |can |peacefully |coexsist. Ex. |You |never |want |to |be |best |friends |with |someone |who |is |as |good |at |something |as |you |are. Situationalism |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔You |will |change |yourself |a |lot |based |on |the |situation |you |are |in. |You |are |consistently |context |dependent.
Trait |Self: |who |you |normally |are, |your |average |self |on |a |daily |basis. State |Self: |who |you |are |right |now. |Ex. |you |are |different |in |class |than |you |are |when |you |go |to |Red |Lion |with |your |friends. Working |Self |Concept |(Ch.3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |subset |of |self |knowledge |that |is |brought |to |mind |in |a |particular |context. |We |mentally |activate |the |parts |of |ourselves |that |work |best |in |a |certain |situation. Distinctiveness |Hypothesis |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |highlight |the |parts |of |ourselves |that |we |find |the |most |special |or |unique |to |stand |out |in |a |given |situation. Ex. |If |I'm |a |minority, |I'm |more |likely |to |point |that |out |than |point |out |that |ties |to |the |majority. |Wouldn't |say |I'm |white |in |a |room |of |almost |all |white |people. The |Self |& |Culture |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Powerful |people |have |more |independent |self |concepts |than |less |powerful |people.Because |power |allows |for |autonomy. Women |have |more |interdependent |self |concepts |than |men |do. |They |tend |to |pay |to |more |external |cues |than |men |do. Social |Comparison |Theory |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔People |compare |themselves |to |others |to |evaluate |their |own |opinions, |abilities, |and |internal |states. |You |would |do |this |when |you |are |uncertain |or |unclear |about |how |you |feel |about |yourself |in |a |certain |domain. Local |Dominance |Effect |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Tendency |to |put |more |weight |on |your |opinion |of |few |individuals |than |on |the |total |population. |You |overweight |these |local, |convient |comparissons.
Self- |Esteem |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |positive |or |negative |evaluation |people |have |of |themselves. Trait |Self-Esteem: |is |how |your |normally |view |yourself. |It |is |stable |across |time. State |Self-Esteem: |your |current |level |of |regard |for |yourself. |It |can |change |at |any |point |in |time. Contingencies |on |Self |Worth |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔You |define |your |self |worth |based |on |your |success |or |failure. Ex. |Asians |are |obsessed |with |As |and |there |is |a |very |high |suicide |rate |immediately |following |taking |the |SAT. Sociometer |Hypothesis |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔How |much |do |people |like |me? |Social |rejection |is |the |biggest |way |to |hurt |someones |self |esteem. Self- |Evaluation |Maintenance |Model |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |are |motivated |to |view |ourselves |positively |and |engage |in |practices |of |self |affirmation. |Two |of |the |most |common |processes |to |maintain |self-esteem |are |reflection |and |comparison. Reflection |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |flatter |ourselves |by |"basking |in |the |reflected |glory" |of |people |or |things |we |know |or |are |associated |with. Ex. |Wear |orange |and |blue |after |wins, |if |they |lose |don't |discuss |it. Self-Esteem |& |Culture |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Independent |cultures |foster |higher |levels |of |self |esteem. |And |interdependent |cultures |foster |feeling |of |good |about |themselves |to |encourage |group |growth |and |self |improvement.
Ex. |Japanese |and |Canadians |working |on |a |project |after |succeeding |or |failing. Westerners |focus |on |success. Easterners |focus |on |failure. Too |High |of |Self |Esteem |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔High |self |esteem |can |lead |to |negative |outcomes |such |as |narcisism |and |personality |disorders. |Too |high |of |self |esteem |can |lead |to |aggression |and |violence. |This |can |be |seen |in |psycho |paths, |murderers |and |gang |members Affect |(Emotion) |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Affect |"emotion" |is |the |core |of |motivation. |Discrepencies |between |your |current |and |desired |state |motivate |changes |in |behavior. |Too |high |of |self |esteem |diverges |from |goal |oriented |behavior. |And |negative |emotion |can |foster |a |need |for |improvement. Interactive |Effect |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Starts |with |the |positive |affect |which |encourages |you |to |take |on |more |goals, |then |the |negative |affect |encourages |you |to |pursue |those |goals. Better |Than |Average |Effect |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Westerners |tend |to |on |average |record |their |skills |as |being |above |average |in |most |things |they |do. More |likely |to |occur |for |"vague" |traits |than |"concrete" |traits. Ex. |You |make |up |what |defines |a |"good" |driver. |But |you |for |sure |know |if |you |are |an |olympic |athlete |or |not. Self- |Serving |Construals |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔You |evaluate |people |based |on |the |criteria |you |use |to |define |your |own |skills. Self- |Enhancement |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔You |tend |to |have |more |positive |views |about |yourself |than |are |actually |true. |Most |people |believe |that |positive |words |describe |them |significantly |better |than |negative |words. |You |believe |that |positive |traits |are |unique |to |you, |but |that |negative |traits |are |shared |among |the |general |public.
Ex. |The |five |year |olds |and |the |marshmellow |experiment Possible |Selves |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Actual |Self: |who |you |think |you |are Possible |Self: |hypothetical |versions |of |the |self |Ideal: |who |you |want |to |be |Ought: |who |you |should |be Self |Discrepecy |Theory: |you |work |hard |to |eliminate |the |difference |between |who |you |are |and |who |you |should |be Ideal |Self |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |promote |a |promotion |focus.Which |is |sensitive |to |reward |and |encourages |us |to |attain |desirable |outcomes. |However, |when |failing |there |is |a |tremendous |feeling |of |defeat. Ought |Self |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |adopt |a |prevention |focus.We |foucs |on |avoiding |punishment. |If |we |fail |we |feel |anxiety |and |guilt. Self- |Regulatory |Resource |Model |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔'Self- |Control' |is |a |limited |but |renewable |resource. |Using |your |self |control |can |deplete |this |source. |It |can |be |replenished, |but |over |the |long |term |you |must |work |to |build |it |up. Ego- |Depletion |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Occurs |when |people |use |up |all |of |their |self |control. |Once |they |use |up |all |of |their |self |control, |it |is |very |difficult |for |them |to |try |to |exert |self |control |in |another |aspect |of |their |life. Is |ego |depletion |all |in |your |head? Self- |Presentation |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔How |we |show |ourselves |to |others.
Impression |Management |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |try |to |get |other |people |to |see |us |the |way |we |want |to |be |seen, |so |we |tailor |our |behaviors |to |gain |their |approval. You |have |different |"faces" |based |on |who |you |are |interacting |with. |Student |vs. |Family |vs. |Friends Self-Conciousness |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Public: |our |awareness |of |what |others |think |of |us. |This |is |our |public |identity. Private: |our |awareness |of |our |interior |lives. |These |are |our |private |thoughts, |feelings, |and |sensations. Self- |Handicapping |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |tendency |to |engage |in |self- |defeating |behaviors |in |order |to |prevent |people |from |deriving |unwanted |attributions |about |you. |Done |to |save |face. |Its |a |situational |excuse |for |your |failure. Ex. |Partying |the |night |before |a |quiz, |just |in |case |you |fail. Impression |Management |(Ch. |3) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔On-Record |Communication: |direct, |honest |language |that |is |meant |to |be |taken |literally. Off-Record |Communication: |indirect, |ambiguous |language.It |hints |at |ideas, |without |being |totally |direct. Social |Cognition |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |process |of |encoding, |storage, |retrieval, |and |processing |of |information |in |the |brain |which |relates |to |members |of |the |same |species. |Basically |how |we |can |take |in |people |and |the |things |we |see. Construals |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Influence |social |cognition. |It |influences |how |people |proccess |and |remember |social |information |differently.
Idealogical |Distorations: |the |media |prompts |events |that |agree |with |their |personal |ideas |or |beliefs. Order |Effects |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |order |of |presentation |matters |and |often |affects |how |you |react |to |a |certain |situation. |We |have |limited |cognitive |capacity |and |therefore |can |only |remember |so |many |things |so |we |tend |to |remember |the |earlier |and |later |things. |Also, |we |develop |construals |because |some |words |are |ambiguous |so |we |must |compare |them |to |what |we |know. Primacy |Effect: |the |first |thing |presented |often |has |a |very |strong |effect |on |later |judgements. |Initial |information |will |also |help |shape |how |we |proccess |information |later |on. Recency |Effect: |the |most |recent |thing |presented |often |has |a |strong |effect |on |later |judgements |as |well. Primacy |Effects |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔First |Impressions: |allows |us |to |make |a |judgement |quick |with |relatively |little |information |available |to |us. Strengths: |adaptive |unconciousness Weaknesses: |stereotypes Framing |Effects |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔We |often |get |caught |up |in |the |way |things |are |presented |to |us. |Ex. |order, |phrasing, |etc. "Spin |Framing": |the |way |you |frame |something |can |make |it |look |more |or |less |favorable Ex. |Anti-Choice |or |Pro-Life? |Pro-Choice |or |Anti-Life? Positive |Framing: |in |terms |of |what |you |will |gain |if |you |do |this Negative |Framing: |in |terms |of |what |your |will |lose |if |you |don't |do |this
Confirmation |Bias |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |tendency |to |test |a |proposition |by |only |seeking |out |support |for |evidence |that |supports |your |argument. You |are |more |likely |to |pay |attention |to |things |that |agree |with |your |argument |and |more |likely |to |criticize |things |that |discredit |you. Top |Down |Processing |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Theory |driven. |Filter |and |proccess |data |based |on |what |you |already |know. |Base |your |judgements |on |pre-exsisting |knowledge. Bottom |Up |Processing |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Data |driven. |Put |pieces |of |information |together. |You |base |your |judgements |on |stimuli. |Take |the |information |and |form |a |judgement. Priming |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |a |certain |schema |is |activated |in |your |brain |then |applied |to |subsequent |judgements |and |actions. |This |influences |information |processing. |These |schemas |also |guide |our |"attention". Influence |of |Schemas |(Ch.4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Guide |Attention: |don't |look |for |bikers |when |driving, |only |for |other |cars. |(Focal |vs. |Peripheral) Guide |Construals: |use |top |down |processing. Guide |Memories: |we |often |remember |things |better |that |we |can |associate |with |a |relevant |schema. Caveat |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |behavior |that |is |heavily |schema |inconcistent, |but |is |also |remembered |very |well. |This |is |surprising |though, |because |it |still |captures |attention. Dual |Mode |Theory |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔People |tend |to |have |two |modes:
Ex. |Slide |with |the |writing |with |all |the |different |sizes, |colors, |and |fonts Disfluency |is |a |signal |to |slow |down |and |be |careful. Illusory |Correlation |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |belief |two |variables |are |correlated |even |when |they |are |not. |This |occurs |because |"representativeness |+ |availability |heuristics" |working |together. Ex. |The |hot |hand |effect People |are |geared |to |see |patterns |in |random |events. Barnum |Effect |(Ch. |4) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔We |have |got |something |for |everyone. Ex. |Horoscopes
