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This study guide provides definitions and explanations of key terms and concepts related to physiology, focusing on important topics for the hpnu 3060 course. It covers various aspects of cell signaling, including ligand-receptor interactions, signal transduction pathways, and the differences between chemical and electrical communication. The guide also includes definitions for terms like specificity, affinity, competition, saturation, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, hormone, neurotransmitter, neurohormone, cytokine, lipophilic, lipophobic, cascade, amplification, agonist, antagonist, upregulation, downregulation, tonic, and phasic. It also explains the differences between hormones and cytokines, ion gates and g proteins, and provides a step-by-step breakdown of the signal pathway from outside the cell to the target inside the cell.
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ligand - Answer A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. receptor - Answer protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response Specificity - Answer particular exercises and activities improve particular areas of health-related fitness Affinity - Answer an attraction to Competition - Answer the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources Saturation - Answer the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added. Autocrine - Answer term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them Paracrine - Answer term for hormones that acts on a neighboring cell. Endocrine - Answer secreting internally Hormone - Answer Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another Neurotransmitter - Answer Neurohormone - Answer Cytokine - Answer Lipophilic - Answer Lipophobic - Answer Cascade - Answer Amplification - Answer Agonist - Answer
Antagonist - Answer upregulation - Answer Downregulation - Answer Tonic - Answer Phasic - Answer Difference between hormone and cytokine - Answer both hormones and cytokines serve as signaling molecules, hormones typically have a broader and longer-lasting impact on various physiological processes through the bloodstream, whereas cytokines usually have more localized and often shorter-term effects related to immune and inflammatory responses. Difference between ion gates and G proteins - Answer ion channels directly control ion movement to influence cell activity almost instantly, while G proteins facilitate a more complex and often slower signaling process that can lead to a variety of cellular responses. Signal pathway from outside of cell to target inside of cell - Answer 1. Reception