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UCCS Exercise Physiology Exam 1
With Complete Solution
What is a calorie? - Answer The energy required to raise 1ml of water 1 degree C. How many mL are in an ounce? - Answer 29.57How do you convert F to C? - Answer (F-32)x(5/9) What is a bomb calorimeter? - Answer A device that measures temperature changes inorder to determine calories. What are the Atwater values for fat, carbs and protein? - Answer Fat: 9kcal Carbs: 4kcal Protein: 4kcalHow many joules are in a calorie? - Answer 4.184J At 203lbs and a nine min mile, how far would you need to run to burn 1200kcal (Burns17.8 kcal/min running)? - Answer 1. 1200kcal x (1min/17.8kcal) = 67.4min
- 67.4min x (1mile/9mins) = 7.5miles Answer: 7.5 milesBased on the previous question [At 203lbs and a nine min mile, how far would you need to run to burn 1200kcal (Burns 17.8 kcal/min running)?], if the individual loses 20lbs howmany miles would he have to run at a 9min mile (burns at 16.0kcal/min)? - Answer 1. 1200kcal x (1min/16.0kcal) = 75mins2. 75mins x (1mile/9min) = 8.3 miles Answer: 8.3 milesHow many ATP does one glucose yield? - Answer 32 ATP What is an example of mechanical work? - Answer Movement What is an example of chemical work? - Answer Storing glucose as glycogenWhat is an example of transport work? - Answer ATP driving solutes across a membrane What is delta G for ATP hydrolysis? - Answer -7.3kcal/mol Matter and energy (are/are not) conserved - Answer are
What happens during an endergonic reaction? - Answer Energy is put in (glucose -->glycogen) What happens during an exergonic reaction? - Answer Energy is released (glycogen -->glucose) What is a catabolic reaction? - Answer break downWhat is an anabolic reaction? - Answer build up What is the equation for work? - Answer W=ForcexDistance What is the equation for power? - Answer P=Work/TimeHow many Joules per kgf.m? - Answer 9.81J If you are lifting 100kgf for a distance of 0.5m, how much work is done? - Answer 1.100kgf x 0.5m = 50kgf.m Answer: 50 kgf.m Based on the previous question [If you are lifting 100kgf for a distance of 0.5m, howmuch work is done?], convert this value to kcal. - Answer 1. 50kgf.m x 9.81joules/kgf.m = 491J
- 491J x (1cal/4.184J) = 117calories
- 117cal x (1kcal/1000cal) = 0.12kcalAnswer: 0.12kcal Based on 0.12kcal/lift, how many lifts can be performed off of a 257kcal cliff bar?Is this number accurate? Why or why not? - Answer 1. 257kcal x (1lift/0.12kcal) = 2, lifts Answer: 2,141 liftsThis is inaccurate because the equation does not consider the number of kcals required to support chemical energy. A 60kg woman runs an 8 min mile on a treadmill with an incline of 1%. How much work isdone in 0.5 hours? - Answer 1. Assume a horizontal distance of 100m to get a vertical distance of 1m (because this is 1% of 100).
- We can get the angle of the treadmill by following sohcahtoa. (T=o/a)angle = invtan(1/100) = 0.
- 0.5 hours = 30 minutes
- We can find the real horizontal distance:
- ~10% increase in strength
- ~2kg in lean massHow does creatine help the body? - Answer It provides PCR for the ATP-PCR system in order to replinish ATP. What is the equation for the Adenylate Kinase System? - Answer 2ADP <--AdenylateKinase--> ATP + AMP What is the equation for Carbohydrate Metabolism? - Answer glucose + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP What is delta G for the Carbohydrate Metabolism? - Answer -686kcal/mol How many pyruvate come from one glucose? - Answer 2 pyruvate How many ATP come from one glucose? - Answer 32 ATPWhat are the carbohydrate values of blood glucose, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen? What is the total number of carbs in the body? - Answer Blood glucose: 5g Liver glycogen: 100gMuscle glycogen: 500g Total: 605g How many ATP does glycolysis yield? - Answer 2 ATPHow many ATP does the krebs cycle yield? - Answer 2 ATP How many ATP does the ETC yield? - Answer 28 ATPWhat is the carbohydrate metabolism process? - Answer Glucose(blood) --> Glucose(muscle) --> Glycolysis (2 ATP) --> Pyruvate ---lactate dehydrogenase--->Lactate ---> Acetyl CoA --> Krebs Cycle OR Glucose(blood) --> Glucose(muscle) --> Glycolysis (2 ATP) --> Pyruvate ---lactatedehydrogenase---> Lactate(muscle) ---> Lactate(blood) What is the cori cycle? - Answer (Lactic Acid Cycle) Lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles is converted to glucose in theliver in this cycle. Steps - of glycolysis use ATP. - Answer 1- Steps - of glycolysis are where phosphates are taken from ATP. - Answer 4-
Steps - of glycolysis is where 4 ATP and 2 Pyruvate are made. - Answer 6- What is step 1 of glycolysis? - Answer Hexokinase coverts glucose toglucose-6-phosphate -1 ATP What is step 3 of glycolysis? - Answer Phosphofructokinase changesfructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6diphosphate -1 ATP What is step 6 of glycolysis? - Answer Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenasechanges two 3 phosphoglycerate into two 1,3-diphosphoglycerates +2 NADH H+ What is step 7 of glycolysis? - Answer Phosphoglycerate kinase changes two1,3-diphosphoglycerates into 2 ATP
+2 ATP (net 0) What is step 10 of glycolysis? - Answer Pyruvate kinase gives pyruvate. +2 ATP How much exercise can be fueled by glycolysis? - Answer 30-90 seconds of intenseexercise
What is the pKa of Lactic Acid? - Answer 3. What is the muscle pH? - Answer 6.0 (weaker than lactic acid) What is blood pH? - Answer 7. What makes your muscles feel "on fire?" - Answer Increase in hydrogen ions from
FADH2 Yields 1.5 ATP Total: 4 ATP If there is a C16 fatty acid, how many Acetyl CoA are there? - Answer 8 If there are 8 Acetyl CoA, how many cleave rounds are there? - Answer 7 If there are 7 cleave rounds, how many ATP are generated? - Answer 28 (4 ATP x 7 cleave rounds) One Acetyl CoA through the citric acid cycle yields how many NADH and FADH2? -Answer 3 NADH ( x 2.5 ATP = 7.5 ATP) 1 FADH ( x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP) How many ATP total does 1 Acetyl CoA give through the citric acid cycle? - AnswerNADH: 7. FADH: 1. Indirectly: 1 Total: 10 How many ATP does glycerol yield? - Answer 19 Stored ATP will fuel how many seconds of activity? - Answer 4 Anaerobic glycolysis is (slow/fast). - Answer Slow
Aerobic citric acid cycle is (slow/fast). - Answer Slow O2 (does/does not) participate directly in the aerobic citric acid cycle. - Answer Doesnot
True or False: Anaerobic glycolysis has low ATP yield but a fast production rate. -Answer True
How do we get NAD+ to proceed with step 6? - Answer By converting pyruvate to lactate Rank the energy systems from quickest speed of energy yield to the slowest. - AnswerATP-PCR Anaerobic GlycolysisAerobic System
Rank the energy systems from greatest potential energy yield to lowest. - AnswerAerobic System Anaerobic GlycolysisATP-PCR
Around what amount of time of physical activity do aerobic and anaerobic pathwaysbecome equally utilized? - Answer 2 mins
What system is best for maximal weight lifting and jumping? - Answer ATP-PCR What is the Wingate Test? - Answer Pedal at light intensity then force is applied andathlete is asked to pedal at full intensity for 30 seconds
What alters heart rate? - Answer Oxygen consumption in the muscles Is direct calorimetry a good way to measure aerobic activity? - Answer No What is the final electron acceptor? - Answer O What is the fraction of O2 in the air we breathe? - Answer FIO2 = 20.93% What can you do to test the aerobic system? - Answer As O2 consumption increaseswith exercise, a douglas bag can be attached to a subject in which expired air will collect. What is VO2 max? - Answer When O2 consumption is unchanged despite exercisechange
What could cause hypoxia? - Answer Lower barometric pressure How can you tell if a subject went to exhaustion? - Answer Look at heart rate and bloodlactate levels
True or False: VO2 max is directly proportional to performance. - Answer True EXCEPT not for elite athletes What type of sports give a higher VO2 max? - Answer Longer distance sports Why is there a VO2 max reduction with age? - Answer Reduction of activity and loss ofmuscle tissue
What is RER? - Answer Respiratory exchange ratio
What type of exercise is RER more relevant for? - Answer High intensity exercise How many CO2 do you get for every 1 pyruvate? - Answer 3 CO What is the RER for glucose? - Answer 1. (6CO2)/(6O2) = 1 What does a low RER mean? - Answer More fat is being used What is FiN2, FiO2 and FiCO2 for inhaled air? - Answer FiN2: 79.03% FiO2: 20.93%FiCO2: 0.03%
What is FiN2, FiO2 and FECO2 for exhaled air? - Answer FiN2: 79.03%FiO2: 18.0% FiCO2: 3.0% How do you get VO2? - Answer (Vt x FiO2) - (Vt x FEO2) (i=inhaled, E=exhaled) Calculate a standard VO2 and translate this to ml/min using 5 breaths per minute.(Assume Vt is 1.0L) - Answer 1. (1 x .2093) - (1 x .18) = 0.0293L/breath
- 0.0293L = 29.30ml
- 29.3ml/breath x 5breaths per min = 146.5 ml/min
Why is recovery VO2 (EPOC) O2 consumption still high? - Answer You're trying torestore ATP and PCR, glycogen is being re-synthesized in the cori cycle, lactate is being converted to pyruvate which goes back into the citric acid cycle and ETC, temperaturecauses increase in metabolism by increasing certain enzyme activity and catecholamine increase which causes a glycolysis increase, and the cardiovascular system does notrebound immediately.
What are some criteria that define maximum effort? - Answer HR: ~199BPMRER > 1 VO2 plateau RPE ~20Exhaustion
What does breathing heavily do? Why? - Answer Results in high release of CO2 becauseincrease in the citric acid cycle due to high ATP demand
What is the function of the conducting zone? - Answer HeatingHumidifying Filtering What is the function of the respiratory zone? - Answer Gas exchange What are the ventilation zones? - Answer Conducting: Trachea Primary BronchusBronchi Bronchioles Respiratory:
Terminal bronchioles Alveoli Alveolar ducts What muscles are involved in inspiration? - Answer Scalene, External intercostals,diaphragm
What muscles are involved in expiration? - Answer Internal intercostals, abdominals What innervates during inhalation and exhalation and for how long? - Answer Inhalation:DRG 2sec Exhalation: VRG 3sec What happens to PVCO2 and PaCO2 during exercise? - Answer They increase due toCO2 being produced in the muscle and pushed into the blood.
What do chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies do? - Answer Sense theincrease in CO2 and tell the DRG to get rid of it.
What are the barometric pressures at sea level, in colorado springs and on pikes peak?- Answer 760 mmHg 600 mmHg460 mmHg
What are the alveolar pressures at sea level, in colorado springs and on pikes peak? -Answer same as the barometric pressures
What is the intrapleural pressure? - Answer -1 mmHg(2ml fluid)
What does PaO2 stand for? - Answer Arterial pressure What does PAO2 stand for? - Answer Alveolar pressure What is PvO2? - Answer (Venous) 40mmHg What is PTO2? - Answer (muscle Tissue) 40mmHg What is the average Vt? - Answer 0.5L What is inspiratory capacity? - Answer ~3.5L What is inspiratory reserve? - Answer ~3.0LDecreases during exercise due to increase in Vt
What is expiratory reserve? - Answer ~1.5L What is residual volume? - Answer ~1.0L What is total lung capacity? - Answer ~6. IC + EC + RV What is forced vital capacity? - Answer IC + EC What is FEV1? - Answer ~85% of FVC
What does surfactant do? - Answer Increase resistance True or False: Low diameter = high resistance = low compliance = low velocity. - AnswerTrue
What is pulmonary airflow capacity? - Answer FEV1/FVC What does it mean if you have a low pulmonary airflow capacity? - Answer You have anobstruction and you could benefit from a bronchodilator. This will impact PAO2 and decrease PaO What is maximum voluntary ventilation? - Answer Deep breathing for 15 seconds,multiply this volume by 4. ~25%>ventilation than occurs during max exercise What is minute ventilation? - Answer VE, volume breathed each minute, L/min VE = respiratory rate (breaths/min) x Vt (L/breath) What are average VE values? - Answer ~6-12 resting~100 during exercise Rarely exceeds 60% of Vt because it would take too long About 50% of volume does not contribute to minute ventilation Which is increased first: Vt or respiration rate? - Answer Vt What is ventilation perfusion ratio? - Answer Ventilation/air supply (VA, 1/min) /Perfusion/blood supply (Q, L/min)
Ratio increases with exercise
respiratory pathways What is an exercise induced bronchospasm often mistaken for? - Answer Asthma What are some problems with indoor ice rinks? - Answer The zamboni emits carbonmonoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter
What is fick's law of diffusion? - Answer V = (A x D x (P1-P2)) / T V = volume of gas diffusing A = surface area of alveoliD = diffusion coefficient T = thickness of barrier (diffusion distance) CO2 is __ times more soluble than O2 - Answer 25 It takes about __ seconds for Or to get fully in the blood and ____ the time to get CO2 intoalveoli - Answer 0.3; half
High heart rate will (increase/decrease) the rate of diffusion. - Answer decreaseThis means lower PaO
Is it normal for PaO2 - PaCO2 > 25? - Answer No PaO2 and Hb transport how much O2 respectively? - Answer 1%99%
How many ml O2 per L of blood? - Answer 3mL
How much blood do you have on average? - Answer 6L Each gram of Hb can hold how many mL O2? - Answer 1.34mL Under normal conditions, each L of blood has how much O2? - Answer 200mL Volume % = 20% How many Hb per 100mL blood? - Answer 15 How do you find % saturation? - Answer (O2 Hb) / (O2 capacity Hb) True or False: If PO2 is high there is a high saturation. - Answer True Heavy exercise causes PTO2 to (rise/drop) - Answer Drop
