Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Understanding Developmental Stuttering: A Comprehensive Q&A, Exams of Advanced Education

This document offers a detailed question-and-answer format exploring developmental stuttering. it covers various aspects, from the onset and prevalence of stuttering to its underlying causes, types, and treatment approaches. The resource is valuable for students studying speech-language pathology or related fields, providing a structured overview of key concepts and clinical considerations.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/01/2025

joyce-williams
joyce-williams šŸ‡ŗšŸ‡ø

2.5K documents

1 / 23

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
TWU COMS 5542 FLUENCY EXAM LATEST UPDATE
developmental stuttering - ANSWER Onset between 18 months-puberty
(Most often btwn 2-5; rarely after 12)
Who is stuttering more common in? - ANSWER Males
If there are less secondary characteristics prognosis is.... - ANSWER Better
Prevalence - ANSWER How many people currently stutter
Incidence - ANSWER How many ppl have been diagnosed in a specific time
normal disfluency - ANSWER Resolves by itself (12-24 months)
Unaware
False starts, interjections, whole word or phrase repetitions dominate
Revision or false starts
or restart-revise- example - ANSWER I want-I need juice
Interjections- example - ANSWER Um, er, uh
Pauses - ANSWER Filled or unfilled or tense, vary in duration
Phrase repetitions- example - ANSWER I want I want juice
Part-word (syllable) repetitions- example - ANSWER I wa wa want juice
Repetitions of speech sounds- example - ANSWER "w-w-want juice"
Prolongation- example - ANSWER wwwwwant juice
Blocks- example - ANSWER W——ant juice
Airflow stops
What is the most severe for of disfluency and last to emerge? - ANSWER Blocks
SLD - ANSWER stuttering-like disfluencies
What are the core SLDs? - ANSWER Part word repetition
Repetitions of speech sounds
Prolongations
Blocks
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Developmental Stuttering: A Comprehensive Q&A and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

TWU COMS 5542 FLUENCY EXAM LATEST UPDATE

developmental stuttering - ANSWER Onset between 18 months-puberty (Most often btwn 2-5; rarely after 12) Who is stuttering more common in? - ANSWER Males If there are less secondary characteristics prognosis is.... - ANSWER Better Prevalence - ANSWER How many people currently stutter Incidence - ANSWER How many ppl have been diagnosed in a specific time normal disfluency - ANSWER Resolves by itself (12-24 months) Unaware False starts, interjections, whole word or phrase repetitions dominate Revision or false starts or restart-revise- example - ANSWER I want-I need juice Interjections- example - ANSWER Um, er, uh Pauses - ANSWER Filled or unfilled or tense, vary in duration Phrase repetitions- example - ANSWER I want I want juice Part-word (syllable) repetitions- example - ANSWER I wa wa want juice Repetitions of speech sounds- example - ANSWER "w-w-want juice" Prolongation- example - ANSWER wwwwwant juice Blocks- example - ANSWER W —— ant juice Airflow stops What is the most severe for of disfluency and last to emerge? - ANSWER Blocks SLD - ANSWER stuttering-like disfluencies What are the core SLDs? - ANSWER Part word repetition Repetitions of speech sounds Prolongations Blocks

What are secondary behaviors? - ANSWER Learned reactions of a person to their repetitions, prolongations, and blocks What are the 2 types of secondary behaviors? - ANSWER Avoidance behaviors Escape behaviors What are avoidance behaviors? - ANSWER Individual avoids certain words or situations to prevent stuttering What are escape behaviors? - ANSWER Occur during moments of stuttering when an individual attempt a to stop stuttering and finish the word What are examples of escape behaviors? - ANSWER Eye-blinks, eyebrow twitching, head nods, hand movement, tongue clicks, interjection of extra sounds, and others What is an indication that they are aware of their stutter? - ANSWER Avoidance Borderline stuttering - ANSWER (1.5-6yrs) 11 or more total disfluencies per 100 Wds More than 2 units of repetition Rhythmic and regular repetitions Generally unaware No secondary behavior Beginning stuttering - ANSWER (1.5-6yrs) 11 or more total disfluencies per 100 Wds More than 2 units of repetition Rapid, irregular, tense repetitions Might have blocks Secondary- eye blinks, increase in pitch w/in wd Aware- frustrated, tension Intermediate stuttering - ANSWER (6-13 yrs) 11 or more total disfluencies per 100 Wds More than 2 units of repetition Rapid, irregular, and tense repetitions Blocks-airway shut off

Audience size effect- less stuttering when - ANSWER Talking to self, animals Other ppl can't hear even if they can see Listener is wearing earphones, masking

Audience size effect - more stuttering when - ANSWER Number of listeners increase Listeners can hear

Less stuttering when - ANSWER Choral reading, repeating, shadowing Singing Listeners already know the information

More stuttering when - ANSWER Stressed, rushed, authority figures, important communication

What is the ICF? - ANSWER International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (by WHO)

What causes stuttering? - ANSWER No universally accepted explanation

T/F A phase of growth in sensory-motor aspects or rapid development in cognitive functions may take resources away from rapid production of fluent speech - ANSWER True

T/F Fraternal twins stutter more often compared to identical twins? - ANSWER False Identical twins are more likely to both stutter

What chromosome is thought to have a biological persistent factor in stuttering? - ANSWER Chromosome 15

T/F It's thought that stuttering is inherited - ANSWER True

T/F PWS has the same size Planum temporal (PT) on both L and Right side - ANSWER True It is believed that individuals without stuttering left PT is larger than right

T/F White matter fiber tract in right operculum are less dense in PWS - ANSWER False White matter Fiber tract on the LEFT operculum are less dense in a PWS

What hemisphere is thought to have over activation in PWS? - ANSWER Right

What hemisphere is thought to have under activation in PWS? - ANSWER Left

What is thought to help a PWS to reduce disfluencies? - ANSWER Altered auditory feedback

T/F A PWS is thought to process information to fast? - ANSWER False It is thought PWS have poor processing abilities

T/F It is thought that a PWS has quick jerky reactions to non-speech tasks? - ANSWER False PWS have SLOWER reaction times for non-speech tasks

T/F

It's believed that left handed individuals stutter more - ANSWER True

Reduced capacity for internal modeling - ANSWER May have difficulty learning the relationships btwn motor commands and acoustic outputs

When say something that isn't correct they refine it and try again when it's good they make a map in the brain to how that is supposed to be made

Language production deficit - ANSWER Problem not concerns speech execution but in the planning and assembly of langue units such as phonemes

Covert Repair Hypothesis - ANSWER Internal monitoring system that monitors and checks for the accuracy of the phonetic plan without being aware of it

What types of disfluencies are a result of correcting or repairing phonological errors detected before they are spoken? - ANSWER Repetitions, prolongations, and clocks

Language production deficit - ANSWER Disfluencies are a result of repairing internal inconsistencies or phonological errors in phonetic plan

What type of stutter will happen as a language production deficit if the error s in the initial sound? - ANSWER Block

What type of stutter will happen as a language production deficit if the sound proceeding the error is a continuant? - ANSWER Prolongation

What type of stutter will happen as a language production deficit if an error is detected in the final part of the word? - ANSWER Initial syllable repetition until the plan is corrected

Can poor myelination be a factor for stuttering? - ANSWER YES

Primary stutter is a result of... - ANSWER Genetic inheritance or early brain damage

Secondary stuttering is a result of... - ANSWER Reaction to stutters by tensing articulators, speeding up, struggle, escape, and avoidance behaviors

What are physical concomitant/escape behaviors - ANSWER eye blinks, avoiding eye contact, arm movements, tension in the laryngeal area, tongue clicks, facial grimace, foot tapping

Is nail biting, staring, and pacing escape behaviors? - ANSWER NO

T/F A person that demonstrates 11 or more disfluencies per 100 words, shows more than 3 stuttering disfluencies per 100 words, exhibits 3 or more units of repetitions, and shows avoidance/escape behaviors is most likely to be a PWS - ANSWER TRUE

T/F Polysyllablic word repetitions, phrase repetitions, and interjections are considered to be normal disfluencies? - ANSWER TRUE

T/F The demands and capacities model proposes that children with stuttering do not have capacities (linguistic/motor) to meet either external demands (e.g., from parents) or internal demands (e.g., complex thoughts). - ANSWER True

T/F The ICF model encompasses only 3 of the following elements (1) body function/ structures, (2) activity limitations, (3) personal factors - ANSWER FALSE Environmental factors, participation restriction are missing from the model

competition for neural resources is on of the suggested reasons for the onset of disfluencies - ANSWER true

T/F Mother's rate of speech is a solid indicator of the degree of severity of stuttering in children - ANSWER False

T/F Stuttering is a multi developmental problem? - ANSWER True

T/F An assessment should include case history? - ANSWER True

For a multidimensional assessment it is important to gather.... - ANSWER Audio and VIDEO Complete attitude scales in addition to formal measure Client's point of view

What are the norm referenced tests for fluency? (3) - ANSWER Stuttering Severity Instrument 4th edition (SSI-4) Test of childhood stuttering (TOCS) Stuttering prediction Instrument (SPI)

What are some criterion referenced tests (2) - ANSWER 1. Predictive cluttering inventory (PCI)

  1. Cognitive, affective, linguistic, motor& social (CALMS) Rating scale

What are some quality of life, emotional scales, self reports for fluency? (3) - ANSWER 1.Communication Attitude Test- Revised (CAT-R)

  1. Communication attitude test for preschool and kindergarten children who stutter (kiddy CAT)
  2. Overall assessment of the speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES)

T/F The three main components to the SSI-4 are: Frequency, Duration, and Pitch? - ANSWER FALSE! Frequency, Duration, and Physical concomitants

Is there a difference in scoring on the SSI-4 for readers vs non-readers? - ANSWER Yes scoring is slightly different

T/F To get the duration you add up the 4 longest stutters. (SSI-4) - ANSWER FALSE you observe the 3 longest stutters and get an average- enter that as your Duration Scale Score

T/F To get the physical concomitants for SSI-4 you count the number of neck jerks happened during the sample. - ANSWER FALSE you add up all the ratings to get the total score

T/F SSI-4 will give you a total score with percentile ranks and severity - ANSWER True: you add scores for frequency, duration, physical concomitants subtests then consult tables that will provide percentile ranks and severity

T/F SSI-4 is not a good tool to use to collect baseline data - ANSWER False- it is a good tool to use

T/F

What are the 3 components of TOCS? - ANSWER 1. standardized speech fluency measures

  1. observation rating scales supplemental clinical assessments

When given the TOCS do you ask only yes/no questions? - ANSWER NO! You want to ask open ended questions

During the TOCS, why do you complete rapid picture naming? - ANSWER You want to see how they produce speech under pressure (time)

T/F For the TOCS, the observational rating scales are filled out by the student. - ANSWER FALSE- the observational rating scales are filled out by parent/caregiver and teacher

What are the components to the TOCS standardized speech measure? (4) - ANSWER 1. rapid picture naming

  1. modeled sentences
  2. structured conversation
  3. narration

What are the components to TOCS supplemental clinical assessments? (7) - ANSWER 1. interview

  1. fluency analysis
  2. speech rate
  3. duration of disfluencies
  4. repetition length
  5. associated behaviors
  1. speech naturalness

What is the TOCS - ANSWER Test of Childhood Stuttering

What is the SSI-4 - ANSWER Stuttering Severity Instrument 4th edition

What is the SPI - ANSWER Stuttering Prediction Instrument

What test helps determine whether a child should be scheduled for therapy? - ANSWER Stuttering Prediction Instrument (SPI)

Is the SPI best used alone? - ANSWER NO it is best used in conjunction with other tests

Does the SPI aid in predicating the chronicity of the disorders? - ANSWER YES

T/F The SPI uses 8 components? - ANSWER False it uses 5 components

  1. history
  2. reaction towards disfluencies
  3. part word repetitions
  4. prolongations
  5. frequency

What is a SSRS - ANSWER Stuttering Severity Rating Scale

T/F Stuttering severity scales are completed by the duration of the 5 longest stutters. - ANSWER FALSE- it is a rating scale that are usually scaled from no stuttering to very severe stuttering

What is a good supplement for norm-referenced tests? - ANSWER OASES

What are the 3 weaknesses of OASES? - ANSWER 1. students might not be honest in their responses

  1. does not measure the behavioral components
  2. may not be recognized as a valid assessment tool by some healthcare provides or individuals unfamiliar with fluency disorders

T/F On the OASES scale 1 relates to the most impact - ANSWER False- the scale is from 1- in which 5 is being the most impact

What can the items that received higher scores on the OASES be used for? - ANSWER developing goals

What can the CAT/kiddyCAT provide? - ANSWER multidimensional how children are affected by how they feel, react to, and think about their speech

What can the CAT/kiddtCAT help develop? - ANSWER Goals and monitor progress

Can a scale be used to distinguish a PWS from a PWNS? - ANSWER Yes

What does CALMS stand for? - ANSWER Cognitive, affective, linguistic, motor, and social

Who do we use CALMS for? - ANSWER 2nd grade-high school

What are the components to CALMS? - ANSWER 23 items in 5 domains

5 point rating scale provides treatment activities that reflect multidimensional approach to stuttering

Is it best practice to only voice record you client? - ANSWER No it is best if you can do an audio and video recording

How many samples do you need to evaluate? - ANSWER At least 2 samples

How many syllables do we want in a language sample in conversation? - ANSWER 300-400 syllables (approx 250 wds)

T/F During a language sample it is best practice to allow the client to talk as long as they want with out interrupting them to get your target number of syllables - ANSWER FALSE you want to interject with questions, comments, and mild disagreements to simulate pressures faced during a normal conversation

How many syllables do we want during a reading sample? - ANSWER 200 syllables (approx 150 wds)

T/F Reading material should be based on the clients interests no matter the difficulty - ANSWER FALSE the material should be below the client's reading level

T/F For a language sample you want to make the emotional to elicit stuttering - ANSWER False- we do not want to select topics that are emotional in nature

T/F If the student is not exhibiting disfluencies on simple linguistic tasks, then you DNQ them and tell them to monitor - ANSWER FALSE- you move along the continuum until you

T/F

interjections are counted (towards syllable count) unless they are used as postponements or as starters - ANSWER True

When using the SSI-4, are interjections counting towards the syllable count? - ANSWER NO SSI-4 you only count CORE SLDs

T/F The following words/phrases are considered interjections: you know, like, lets see, hmm, throat clearing - ANSWER True

What are pauses needed for? - ANSWER Linguistic planning

What is considered a block? - ANSWER speech sounds that appear 'frozen, locked, stuck, or fixed posture' with no audible sound and exhibits physical tension

T/F fewer than 11 total disfluencies per 100 words are considers as normal disfluencies - ANSWER TRUE

T/F 1-2 repetitions are considered to be normal disfluencies - ANSWER TRUE

T/F More than 2 units of repetition which is rapid and irregular with tension is considered to be normal disfluencies - ANSWER FALSE- Considered SLD

T/F Extra noises during disfluencies are considered physical concomitants - ANSWER True

T/F

During trial therapy you should speak fast and purposefully stutter - ANSWER FALSE you should slow your speech rate by inserting pauses that last longer than usual

Overt stuttering - ANSWER stuttering that is obvious and easy to identify

Covert stuttering - ANSWER PWS develops strategies to hide disfluencies

Prognosis for stuttering is good if (5) - ANSWER 1. Decrease in stutter after 1st 12 months of onset

  1. Female
  2. No family history
  3. Good nonverbal intelligence scores
  4. Outgoing and carefree temperament

What is SAAND? - ANSWER Stuttering Associated with Acquired Neurological Disorders

T/F SAAND onset is preschool - ANSWER FALSE- adult onset

T/F SAAND individuals show evidence of neurological CNS problems - ANSWER True

What are some characteristics of SAANDS? - ANSWER 1. No secondary behaviors

  1. Disfluencies occur on medial and final syllables
  2. Disfluencies don't vary depending on situations or context
  3. Little to no adaptation with repeated readings