Download Understanding Developmental Stuttering: A Comprehensive Q&A and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
TWU COMS 5542 FLUENCY EXAM LATEST UPDATE
developmental stuttering - ANSWER Onset between 18 months-puberty (Most often btwn 2-5; rarely after 12) Who is stuttering more common in? - ANSWER Males If there are less secondary characteristics prognosis is.... - ANSWER Better Prevalence - ANSWER How many people currently stutter Incidence - ANSWER How many ppl have been diagnosed in a specific time normal disfluency - ANSWER Resolves by itself (12-24 months) Unaware False starts, interjections, whole word or phrase repetitions dominate Revision or false starts or restart-revise- example - ANSWER I want-I need juice Interjections- example - ANSWER Um, er, uh Pauses - ANSWER Filled or unfilled or tense, vary in duration Phrase repetitions- example - ANSWER I want I want juice Part-word (syllable) repetitions- example - ANSWER I wa wa want juice Repetitions of speech sounds- example - ANSWER "w-w-want juice" Prolongation- example - ANSWER wwwwwant juice Blocks- example - ANSWER W āā ant juice Airflow stops What is the most severe for of disfluency and last to emerge? - ANSWER Blocks SLD - ANSWER stuttering-like disfluencies What are the core SLDs? - ANSWER Part word repetition Repetitions of speech sounds Prolongations Blocks
What are secondary behaviors? - ANSWER Learned reactions of a person to their repetitions, prolongations, and blocks What are the 2 types of secondary behaviors? - ANSWER Avoidance behaviors Escape behaviors What are avoidance behaviors? - ANSWER Individual avoids certain words or situations to prevent stuttering What are escape behaviors? - ANSWER Occur during moments of stuttering when an individual attempt a to stop stuttering and finish the word What are examples of escape behaviors? - ANSWER Eye-blinks, eyebrow twitching, head nods, hand movement, tongue clicks, interjection of extra sounds, and others What is an indication that they are aware of their stutter? - ANSWER Avoidance Borderline stuttering - ANSWER (1.5-6yrs) 11 or more total disfluencies per 100 Wds More than 2 units of repetition Rhythmic and regular repetitions Generally unaware No secondary behavior Beginning stuttering - ANSWER (1.5-6yrs) 11 or more total disfluencies per 100 Wds More than 2 units of repetition Rapid, irregular, tense repetitions Might have blocks Secondary- eye blinks, increase in pitch w/in wd Aware- frustrated, tension Intermediate stuttering - ANSWER (6-13 yrs) 11 or more total disfluencies per 100 Wds More than 2 units of repetition Rapid, irregular, and tense repetitions Blocks-airway shut off
Audience size effect- less stuttering when - ANSWER Talking to self, animals Other ppl can't hear even if they can see Listener is wearing earphones, masking
Audience size effect - more stuttering when - ANSWER Number of listeners increase Listeners can hear
Less stuttering when - ANSWER Choral reading, repeating, shadowing Singing Listeners already know the information
More stuttering when - ANSWER Stressed, rushed, authority figures, important communication
What is the ICF? - ANSWER International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (by WHO)
What causes stuttering? - ANSWER No universally accepted explanation
T/F A phase of growth in sensory-motor aspects or rapid development in cognitive functions may take resources away from rapid production of fluent speech - ANSWER True
T/F Fraternal twins stutter more often compared to identical twins? - ANSWER False Identical twins are more likely to both stutter
What chromosome is thought to have a biological persistent factor in stuttering? - ANSWER Chromosome 15
T/F It's thought that stuttering is inherited - ANSWER True
T/F PWS has the same size Planum temporal (PT) on both L and Right side - ANSWER True It is believed that individuals without stuttering left PT is larger than right
T/F White matter fiber tract in right operculum are less dense in PWS - ANSWER False White matter Fiber tract on the LEFT operculum are less dense in a PWS
What hemisphere is thought to have over activation in PWS? - ANSWER Right
What hemisphere is thought to have under activation in PWS? - ANSWER Left
What is thought to help a PWS to reduce disfluencies? - ANSWER Altered auditory feedback
T/F A PWS is thought to process information to fast? - ANSWER False It is thought PWS have poor processing abilities
T/F It is thought that a PWS has quick jerky reactions to non-speech tasks? - ANSWER False PWS have SLOWER reaction times for non-speech tasks
T/F
It's believed that left handed individuals stutter more - ANSWER True
Reduced capacity for internal modeling - ANSWER May have difficulty learning the relationships btwn motor commands and acoustic outputs
When say something that isn't correct they refine it and try again when it's good they make a map in the brain to how that is supposed to be made
Language production deficit - ANSWER Problem not concerns speech execution but in the planning and assembly of langue units such as phonemes
Covert Repair Hypothesis - ANSWER Internal monitoring system that monitors and checks for the accuracy of the phonetic plan without being aware of it
What types of disfluencies are a result of correcting or repairing phonological errors detected before they are spoken? - ANSWER Repetitions, prolongations, and clocks
Language production deficit - ANSWER Disfluencies are a result of repairing internal inconsistencies or phonological errors in phonetic plan
What type of stutter will happen as a language production deficit if the error s in the initial sound? - ANSWER Block
What type of stutter will happen as a language production deficit if the sound proceeding the error is a continuant? - ANSWER Prolongation
What type of stutter will happen as a language production deficit if an error is detected in the final part of the word? - ANSWER Initial syllable repetition until the plan is corrected
Can poor myelination be a factor for stuttering? - ANSWER YES
Primary stutter is a result of... - ANSWER Genetic inheritance or early brain damage
Secondary stuttering is a result of... - ANSWER Reaction to stutters by tensing articulators, speeding up, struggle, escape, and avoidance behaviors
What are physical concomitant/escape behaviors - ANSWER eye blinks, avoiding eye contact, arm movements, tension in the laryngeal area, tongue clicks, facial grimace, foot tapping
Is nail biting, staring, and pacing escape behaviors? - ANSWER NO
T/F A person that demonstrates 11 or more disfluencies per 100 words, shows more than 3 stuttering disfluencies per 100 words, exhibits 3 or more units of repetitions, and shows avoidance/escape behaviors is most likely to be a PWS - ANSWER TRUE
T/F Polysyllablic word repetitions, phrase repetitions, and interjections are considered to be normal disfluencies? - ANSWER TRUE
T/F The demands and capacities model proposes that children with stuttering do not have capacities (linguistic/motor) to meet either external demands (e.g., from parents) or internal demands (e.g., complex thoughts). - ANSWER True
T/F The ICF model encompasses only 3 of the following elements (1) body function/ structures, (2) activity limitations, (3) personal factors - ANSWER FALSE Environmental factors, participation restriction are missing from the model
competition for neural resources is on of the suggested reasons for the onset of disfluencies - ANSWER true
T/F Mother's rate of speech is a solid indicator of the degree of severity of stuttering in children - ANSWER False
T/F Stuttering is a multi developmental problem? - ANSWER True
T/F An assessment should include case history? - ANSWER True
For a multidimensional assessment it is important to gather.... - ANSWER Audio and VIDEO Complete attitude scales in addition to formal measure Client's point of view
What are the norm referenced tests for fluency? (3) - ANSWER Stuttering Severity Instrument 4th edition (SSI-4) Test of childhood stuttering (TOCS) Stuttering prediction Instrument (SPI)
What are some criterion referenced tests (2) - ANSWER 1. Predictive cluttering inventory (PCI)
- Cognitive, affective, linguistic, motor& social (CALMS) Rating scale
What are some quality of life, emotional scales, self reports for fluency? (3) - ANSWER 1.Communication Attitude Test- Revised (CAT-R)
- Communication attitude test for preschool and kindergarten children who stutter (kiddy CAT)
- Overall assessment of the speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES)
T/F The three main components to the SSI-4 are: Frequency, Duration, and Pitch? - ANSWER FALSE! Frequency, Duration, and Physical concomitants
Is there a difference in scoring on the SSI-4 for readers vs non-readers? - ANSWER Yes scoring is slightly different
T/F To get the duration you add up the 4 longest stutters. (SSI-4) - ANSWER FALSE you observe the 3 longest stutters and get an average- enter that as your Duration Scale Score
T/F To get the physical concomitants for SSI-4 you count the number of neck jerks happened during the sample. - ANSWER FALSE you add up all the ratings to get the total score
T/F SSI-4 will give you a total score with percentile ranks and severity - ANSWER True: you add scores for frequency, duration, physical concomitants subtests then consult tables that will provide percentile ranks and severity
T/F SSI-4 is not a good tool to use to collect baseline data - ANSWER False- it is a good tool to use
T/F
What are the 3 components of TOCS? - ANSWER 1. standardized speech fluency measures
- observation rating scales supplemental clinical assessments
When given the TOCS do you ask only yes/no questions? - ANSWER NO! You want to ask open ended questions
During the TOCS, why do you complete rapid picture naming? - ANSWER You want to see how they produce speech under pressure (time)
T/F For the TOCS, the observational rating scales are filled out by the student. - ANSWER FALSE- the observational rating scales are filled out by parent/caregiver and teacher
What are the components to the TOCS standardized speech measure? (4) - ANSWER 1. rapid picture naming
- modeled sentences
- structured conversation
- narration
What are the components to TOCS supplemental clinical assessments? (7) - ANSWER 1. interview
- fluency analysis
- speech rate
- duration of disfluencies
- repetition length
- associated behaviors
- speech naturalness
What is the TOCS - ANSWER Test of Childhood Stuttering
What is the SSI-4 - ANSWER Stuttering Severity Instrument 4th edition
What is the SPI - ANSWER Stuttering Prediction Instrument
What test helps determine whether a child should be scheduled for therapy? - ANSWER Stuttering Prediction Instrument (SPI)
Is the SPI best used alone? - ANSWER NO it is best used in conjunction with other tests
Does the SPI aid in predicating the chronicity of the disorders? - ANSWER YES
T/F The SPI uses 8 components? - ANSWER False it uses 5 components
- history
- reaction towards disfluencies
- part word repetitions
- prolongations
- frequency
What is a SSRS - ANSWER Stuttering Severity Rating Scale
T/F Stuttering severity scales are completed by the duration of the 5 longest stutters. - ANSWER FALSE- it is a rating scale that are usually scaled from no stuttering to very severe stuttering
What is a good supplement for norm-referenced tests? - ANSWER OASES
What are the 3 weaknesses of OASES? - ANSWER 1. students might not be honest in their responses
- does not measure the behavioral components
- may not be recognized as a valid assessment tool by some healthcare provides or individuals unfamiliar with fluency disorders
T/F On the OASES scale 1 relates to the most impact - ANSWER False- the scale is from 1- in which 5 is being the most impact
What can the items that received higher scores on the OASES be used for? - ANSWER developing goals
What can the CAT/kiddyCAT provide? - ANSWER multidimensional how children are affected by how they feel, react to, and think about their speech
What can the CAT/kiddtCAT help develop? - ANSWER Goals and monitor progress
Can a scale be used to distinguish a PWS from a PWNS? - ANSWER Yes
What does CALMS stand for? - ANSWER Cognitive, affective, linguistic, motor, and social
Who do we use CALMS for? - ANSWER 2nd grade-high school
What are the components to CALMS? - ANSWER 23 items in 5 domains
5 point rating scale provides treatment activities that reflect multidimensional approach to stuttering
Is it best practice to only voice record you client? - ANSWER No it is best if you can do an audio and video recording
How many samples do you need to evaluate? - ANSWER At least 2 samples
How many syllables do we want in a language sample in conversation? - ANSWER 300-400 syllables (approx 250 wds)
T/F During a language sample it is best practice to allow the client to talk as long as they want with out interrupting them to get your target number of syllables - ANSWER FALSE you want to interject with questions, comments, and mild disagreements to simulate pressures faced during a normal conversation
How many syllables do we want during a reading sample? - ANSWER 200 syllables (approx 150 wds)
T/F Reading material should be based on the clients interests no matter the difficulty - ANSWER FALSE the material should be below the client's reading level
T/F For a language sample you want to make the emotional to elicit stuttering - ANSWER False- we do not want to select topics that are emotional in nature
T/F If the student is not exhibiting disfluencies on simple linguistic tasks, then you DNQ them and tell them to monitor - ANSWER FALSE- you move along the continuum until you
T/F
interjections are counted (towards syllable count) unless they are used as postponements or as starters - ANSWER True
When using the SSI-4, are interjections counting towards the syllable count? - ANSWER NO SSI-4 you only count CORE SLDs
T/F The following words/phrases are considered interjections: you know, like, lets see, hmm, throat clearing - ANSWER True
What are pauses needed for? - ANSWER Linguistic planning
What is considered a block? - ANSWER speech sounds that appear 'frozen, locked, stuck, or fixed posture' with no audible sound and exhibits physical tension
T/F fewer than 11 total disfluencies per 100 words are considers as normal disfluencies - ANSWER TRUE
T/F 1-2 repetitions are considered to be normal disfluencies - ANSWER TRUE
T/F More than 2 units of repetition which is rapid and irregular with tension is considered to be normal disfluencies - ANSWER FALSE- Considered SLD
T/F Extra noises during disfluencies are considered physical concomitants - ANSWER True
T/F
During trial therapy you should speak fast and purposefully stutter - ANSWER FALSE you should slow your speech rate by inserting pauses that last longer than usual
Overt stuttering - ANSWER stuttering that is obvious and easy to identify
Covert stuttering - ANSWER PWS develops strategies to hide disfluencies
Prognosis for stuttering is good if (5) - ANSWER 1. Decrease in stutter after 1st 12 months of onset
- Female
- No family history
- Good nonverbal intelligence scores
- Outgoing and carefree temperament
What is SAAND? - ANSWER Stuttering Associated with Acquired Neurological Disorders
T/F SAAND onset is preschool - ANSWER FALSE- adult onset
T/F SAAND individuals show evidence of neurological CNS problems - ANSWER True
What are some characteristics of SAANDS? - ANSWER 1. No secondary behaviors
- Disfluencies occur on medial and final syllables
- Disfluencies don't vary depending on situations or context
- Little to no adaptation with repeated readings
