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Turf & Landscape Questions and
Answers Already Passed
Describe the kinds of damage arthropod pests can cause. ✔✔Chewing mouth parts: tearing damage, notched or ragged leaves, holes in fruits and seeds, gridled stems, and chewed off roots
Piercing-sucking mouth parts (needle like feeding on plant tissue): yellowed leaves, galls, and misshapen fruit (often mistaken by plant diseases)
*Piercing mouth transmit diseases easier
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the types of formulation discussed in this chapter ✔✔Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC):
Describe the structural features of arthropods including how their mouth parts determine what kind of damage they can cause. ✔✔Invertebrates, exoskeleton, paired/jointed legs and other appendages
Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods. ✔✔Insects: sometimes wings, 3 pairs of legs, antennae, 3 body region (head, thorax, abdomen)
Arachnids: no wings, no antennae, 4 pairs of legs, 2 body regions (head/thorax, abdomen)
Describe the differences between simple and complete metamorphosis. ✔✔Simple (3 stages): egg, nymph, and adult
Complete (4 stages): egg, larva, pupa and adult
Explain why it is important to know what kind of metamorphosis a particular pest goes through. ✔✔Management techniques can vary depending on how the insect develops
Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development. ✔✔Temp: how fast insects grow (too low - slow down and don't function, too high - die, higher temps in threshold increase insect abilities)
Humidity: some insects require more or less, higher humidity increases probability for diseases (help control insect population)
Disadvantages:
- Often eliminate beneficial insects, allowing them to rebound quickly (increased dependence on insecticides)
- Can lead to resistance after repeated exposure
- Yearly dependence is an added cost
- Potential for drift, residues and damage to beneficial insects. (hazards to humans and environment)
Determine what determines whether a given plant is a weed. ✔✔If the plant is unwanted
List the two main goals of weed management. ✔✔Minimize weed competition, Limit weed's reproduction
Describe ways that weeds can pose problems in turf and landscapes. ✔✔1. Interfere with management practices
- Produce chemical inhibitors that directly retard growth of desirable plants
- Create a poor impression on customers
- Interfere with pesticide applications
- Support insect pests and plant diseases or provide cover for rodents
- Poisonous, allergenic, or irritating to people and pets
- Interfere with intended use of site
- Dry out or die and become fire hazards around roads, buildings, or woody plantings.
Distinguish grasses from broad leaf plants and herbaceous from woody plants. ✔✔Grasses: narrow, one seed leaf, parallel veins
Broadleaves: broad, two seed leaves, veins form net-like pattern
Describe the life cycles of annual, biennial, and perennial plants and how they reproduce. ✔✔Annuals: live less than 12 months and can produce great numbers in a single growing season
Biennials: live for 2 growing seasons- first season leaves, second season flowers and reproduces with seeds
Perennials: live at least 2 years and sometimes much longer
*if germinate through seed, usually don't flower in first season
-Apply the spray to the lower 18 inches an the stem and thoroughly wet the stem, crown, and exposed roots
-Make treatments throughout the year just not when wet or snow
Describe how and when to make an effective cut-stump treatment. ✔✔-Whenever except for heavy sap flow in spring
-Thoroughly wet the plant so that the runoff covers bark, crown buds, and all exposed roots
List steps to take when applying herbicides to minimize adverse affects in urban areas. ✔✔- Drift-reducing techniques
- Spray when weeds are most susceptible for injury to use minimum amount of herbicide
- Use amine formulations over ester formulations
- Apply with temp less than 80 degrees F
- Avoid during midsummer (garden plants), spring or autumn
- Incorporate in soil whenever possible
- Avoid on dry soil
- Keep off impermeable surfaces
Define plant disease and what causes disease. ✔✔Plant disease: abnormal growth and/or dysfunction of a plant
- Can be caused by living or non-living factors
List the major groups of plant pathogens and describe how each are spread from plant to plant. ✔✔Fungi: wind, rain splash, or insect vectors
Oomycetes (water mold): wind rain splash, transfer of infested soil
Bacteria: rain splash, insect vectors, and on tools
Phytoplasmas: insect vectors, vegetative propagation
Viruses: Insect and nematode vectors, mechanical transmission, some are seed born, vegetative propagation
Nematodes: transfer of infested soil, in infested plant stock
List the four requirements for plant disease to occur. ✔✔1. A pathogen population capable of causing disease
- A host that is susceptible to infection by that pathogen
- Environmental conditions that favor disease development
- Sufficient time for disease to actually develop
*usually not very effective
Explain some of the characteristics of making a foliar fungicide treatment. ✔✔Contact fungicides as protectants: multiple applications
When weather favors a disease outbreak: tighten up spray schedule
Describe factors that can make management of pest mammals complicated. ✔✔Mobility, unpredictability, public perception, legal status, management techniques
Explain the regulations regarding the use of pesticides to control mammals. ✔✔Often involves obtaining special permits except for on rate and mice unless using sodium fluoroacetate and strychinine
Describe the damage that pests discussed in this chapter can cause to turf and landscapes. ✔✔Meadow mice: girdle roots and stems which can kill trees and shrubs
Rabbits: browse on bark and branches of trees and shrubs
Moles: burrow tunnels which interfere with mowing and expose roots to air, sometimes killing grass or other plant
Ground squirrels: problem in flower and vegetable gardens
Skunks: Mostly beneficial
Deer: damage woody plants by feeding on buds and young branches, and rubbing antlers on trunks
Outline your management options for controlling the pests discussed in this chapter. ✔✔Meadow mice: Repellents (pesticides), rodenticide baits
Rabbits: Repellents (no lethal pesticides)
Moles: Pesticides, poison baits
Ground squirrels: toxic bait may be only practical solution
Skunks: trapping, habitat destruction, and exclusion (no pesticides)
Deer: fence
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types of pesticides ✔✔Pesticide: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or reduce pest damages
-Avicide: Birds
-Fungicide: Fungi
-Herbicide: Weeds
-Insecticide: Insects
Explain how general characteristics of pesticides can affect the pesticide's performance and potential to cause environmental harm ✔✔Selectivity: refers to how broad, or narrow, a range of pests a particular chemical will kill
Broad-spectrum: good when many pests are a problem
Narrow-spectrum: will only kill a few, usually related pest and not harm others
Persistence: how long they remain active to control pests
Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names ✔✔Trade names: One or more specific names to each commercial formulation of a particular active ingredient
Chemical names: Complies with accepted guidelines established by chemists
Common names: Easiest to use (on label)
Outline the characteristics of the insecticide groups ✔✔Synthetic (man-made):
- Pyrthroids, Neonicotinoids, Botanicals, Insecticide soaps, Insect hormones and Growth Regulators
Microbial:
-BT: bacteria that targets caterpillars
-Milky spore: disease in Japanese beetle
Outline what a herbicide needs to do to kill weeds ✔✔-Must be absorbed into the plant through the leaves, stems, or roots
-Must then be trans located to the sensitive part of the plant
-Must block an important process in the plant
Describe how both contact and systemic herbicides work and how they differ ✔✔Systemics: absorbed through the leaves or roots and then trans located within the treated plant
Contact: only damage the portion of the plant they are sprayed on
Distinguish between protectant and post-infection fungicides and how they are used ✔✔Protectant: applied before the diseases develops to prevent fungal spores from germinating or the fungus from penetrating the plant
Post-Infection fungicides: Kill or inhibit the growth and development of a fungus after the fungus has become established in or on the plant
Describe the different kinds of rodenticides and important characteristics of each ✔✔First generation anticoagulants: more toxic in rodent ingests over several days
Second generation anticoagulants: Only need to be eaten once to kill
Flowables:
Ultra-Low volume:
Oil Solutions:
Granuals:
Solid Baits:
Describe the function of the specific adjuvants ✔✔Also know as an additive, is a chemical added to a pesticide or spray tank to modify the product's physical properties and/or enhance pesticide performance
List precautions and concerns regarding the selection and use of adjuvants ✔✔Misuse may lead to injury of desirable plants, compatibility problems, or reduce pest control
Identify the most prominent federal pesticide law and which agency oversees it ✔✔Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) overseen by the EPA
Describe what is involved in the registration of pesticides ✔✔-EPA is responsible to register pesticides for them to be legal
-The EPA registers the use, not the physical product
Explain why some products are classified restricted-use and who may use such products ✔✔The EPA tags pesticides as an RUP if the benefits of a pesticide's use will outweigh the risks only when trained persons use the pesticide
Explain the significance when state and federal laws differ and identify which law takes precedence ✔✔State laws can be more strict than federal laws, but not more lenient
Describe and contrast the difference between a private applicator, a commercial applicator for- hire and a commercial application not-for-hire ✔✔Private applicator:
-use of pesticides for the purpose of producing an agricultural commodity
-applications occur on land owned or rented by that person or their employer
Commercial applicator for-hire: on a contract basis
Commercial applicator not for-hire: only to sites that you or your employer control
List the certification and licensing requirements for commercial applicators ✔✔Any for hire: Certification and Licensing required
Special Pesticide rules (max product rates and timing)
Use by Special Permit
List some of the rules you might have to follow when transporting hazardous materials ✔✔Back of truck
Always have: PPE, soap and water, shovel, absorbent material, fire extinguisher
Receive hazardous material training
Carry emergency response information
Carry shipping papers
Placard your vehicle
Commercial drivers license
Explain how to know when you need to follow transportation rules ✔✔Check the "transport" and "Regulatory Information" section of the safety data sheets
Describe the main purpose of a pesticide label and it's legal implications for an applicator ✔✔Method of communication between pesticide manufacturers and pesticide users
Describe the difference between the terms "labels" and "labeling" ✔✔Label: info printed on or attached to the pesticide container itself
Labeling: label itself plus all other info about the product referenced on the label and given when you buy the product
List the 5 times when you should read the relevant parts of a label ✔✔1. Before you buy the product
- Before you store the product
- Before you mix and use the product
- Before you clean pesticide application equipment
- Before you dispose of the product and/or its container
List the kinds of information you can find on a pesticide label ✔✔Identifying Information
-Restricted use statement
-Trade name
-Ingredient Statement
Safety Information
-Signal words
-Responding to an Exposure
