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Chemistry Notebook: Periodic Table, Properties of Matter, and Compounds, Study notes of Chemistry

An overview of various concepts in chemistry, including the periodic table, properties of matter, and different types of compounds. It covers topics such as intensive and extensive properties, distillation, filtration, and the difference between molecular and ionic compounds. The document also includes a list of common elements and their ions, as well as a discussion on acids and bases.

Typology: Study notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 05/31/2012

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K 10^3, m 10^-3, n 10^--9 1cm3=cc=mL k=273.15+C 9/5(C+32
Graduated cylinder Buret Syringe Pipet Volumetric flask
Observations+experiments Find patterns,trends,law formulate test hypothesisTheory
Matter(gas,liquid,solid): Atoms(element) OMolecules(element)O2Molecules(Compound)H2O(Pure substance<can’t separated>/Homogeneous mixture<ok2separated>)
Intensive Properties…Are independent of the amount of the substance that is present. Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties…Depend upon the amount of the substance present. Mass, volume, energy, etc
Distillation(boiling points of substances to separate a homogeneous mixture into its components.) filtration, Chromatography, centrifuge 離心分離,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(large_version)
1 - H - Hydrogen 2 - He – Helium
3 - Li - Lithium 4 - Be - Beryllium 5- B - Boron 6 - C - Carbon 7 - N - Nitrogen 8 - O - Oxygen 9 - F - Fluorine 10 - Ne – Neon
11 - Na - Sodium 12 - Mg - Magnesium 13 - Al - Aluminum, Aluminium 14 - Si - Silicon 15 - P - Phosphorus 16 - S - Sulfur 17 - Cl - Chlorine 18 - Ar – Argon
19 - K - Potassium 20 - Ca - Calcium 21 - Sc - Scandium 22 - Ti - Titanium 23 - V - Vanadium 24 - Cr - Chromium 25 - Mn - Manganese 26 - Fe - Iron 27 - Co - Cobalt 28 - Ni - Nickel 29 - Cu - Copper 30 - Zn - Zinc 31 - Ga - Gallium 32 - Ge - Germanium 33 - As - Arsenic 34 - Se - Selenium 35 - Br - Bromine 36 - Kr – Krypton
37 - Rb - Rubidium 38 - Sr - Strontium 39 - Y - Yttrium 40 - Zr - Zirconium 41 - Nb - Niobium 42 - Mo - Molybdenum 43 - Tc - Technetium 44 - Ru - Ruthenium 45 - Rh - Rhodium 46 - Pd - Palladium 47 - Ag - Silver 48 - Cd - Cadmium 49 - In - Indium 50 - Sn - Tin 51 - Sb - Antimony 52 - Te - Tellurium 53 - I - Iodine 54 - Xe - Xenon
55 - Cs - Cesium 56 - Ba - Barium 57 - La - Lanthanum 58 - Ce - Cerium 59 - Pr - Praseodymium 60 - Nd - Neodymium 61 - Pm - Promethium 62 - Sm - Samarium 63 - Eu - Europium 64 - Gd - Gadolinium 65 - Tb - Terbium 66 - Dy - Dysprosium 67 - Ho - Holmium 68 - Er - Erbium 69 - Tm - Thulium 70 - Yb - Ytterbium 71 - Lu - Lutetium 72 - Hf – Hafnium
73 - Ta - Tantalum 74 - W - Tungsten 75 - Re - Rhenium 76 - Os - Osmium 77 - Ir - Iridium 78 - Pt - Platinum 79 - Au - Gold 80 - Hg - Mercury 81 - Tl - Thallium 82 - Pb - Lead 83 - Bi - Bismuth 84 - Po - Polonium 85 - At - Astatine 86 - Rn – Radon
Lithium
(3) Li
Beryllium
(4) Be
Boron
(5) B
Carbon
(6) C
Nitrogen
(7) N
Oxygen
(8) O
Fluorine
(9) F
Neon
(10) Ne
Sodium
(11) Na
Magnesium
(12) Mg
1A: Alkali Metals (Soft, reactive metal) 2A: Alkaline earth Metals 3-5: Transition metals 6A: Chalcogens 7A: Halogens 8A:
Noble(rare)Gases (Nonreactive gas)
Aluminium
(13) Al
Silicon
(14) Si
Phosphorus
(15) P
Sulfur
(16) S
Chlorine
(17) Cl
Argon
(18) Ar
Potassium
19 K
Calcium
20 Ca
Scandium
21 Sc
Titanium
22 Ti
Vanadium
23 V
Chromium
24 Cr
Manganese
25 Mn
Iron
26 Fe
Cobalt
27 Co
Nickel
28 Ni
Copper
29 Cu
Zinc
30 Zn
Gallium
31 Ga
Germanium
32 Ge
Arsenic
33 As
Selenium
34 Se
Bromine
35 Br
Krypton
36 Kr
Rubidium
37 Rb
Strontium
38 Sr
Yttrium
39 Y
Zirconium
40 Zr
Niobium
41 Nb
Molybdenum
42 Mo
Technetium
43 Tc
Ruthenium
44 Ru
Rhodium
45 Rh
Palladium
46 Pd
Silver
47 Ag
Cadmium
48 Cd
Indium
49 In
Tin
50 Sn
Antimony
51 Sb
Tellurium
52 Te
Iodine
53 I
Xenon
54 Xe
Caesium
55 Cs
Barium
56 Ba
Lanthanides
57-71*
Hafnium
72 Hf
Tantalum
73 Ta
Tungsten
74 W
Rhenium
75 Re
Osmium
76 Os
Iridium
77 Ir
Platinum
78 Pt
Gold
79 Au
Mercury
80 Hg
Thallium
81 Tl
Lead
82 Pb
Bismuth
83 Bi
Polonium
84 Po
Astatine
85 At
Radon
86 Rn
Molecular compounds – only nonmetals (solid / liquid / gas) ~ ANION Ionic compounds – Metal or (maybe non-metal) (only in solid) ~ CATION + ANION
H+ Hydrogen ion
Li+ Lithium ion
Na+ Sodium ion
K+ Potassium ion
Cs+ Cesium ion
Ag+ Silver ion
NH4+ Ammonium ion
Cu+ Copper(I) or cuprous ion
H- Hydride ion
F- Fluoride ion
Cl- Chloride ion
Br- Bromide ion
I- Iodide ion
CN- Cyanide ion
OH- Hydroxide ion
CH3COO- Acetate ion
(C2H3O2-)
NO3- Nitrate ion
MnO4- permanganate
<<Oxyanion>>
ClO4- Perchlorate ion
ClO3- Chlorate ion
ClO2- Chlorite ion
ClO1- Hypochlorite ion
-ideHydro -ic acid (HCl)
Hydrochloric Acid
<<Acid>>
-ate -ic acid(HClO4-)Perchloric Acid
(HClO3-)Chloric Acid
-ite -ous acid(HClO2-)Chlorous Acid
(HClO1-)Hypohlorous Acid
Mg2+ Magnesium
Ca2+ Calcium ion
Sr2+ Strontium ion
Ba2+ Barium ion
Zn2+ Zinc ion
Cd2+ Cadmium ion
Co2+ Cobalt(II) or cobaltous ion
Cu2+ Copper(II) or cupric ion
Fe2+ Iron(II) or ferrous ion
Mn2+ Manganese(II) or manganous
Hg22+ Mercury(I) or mercurous ion
Hg2+ Mercury(II) or mercuric ion
Ni2+ Nickel(II) or nickelous ion
Pb2+ Lead(II) or plumbous ion
Sn2+ Tin(II) or stannous ion
O2- Oxide ion
O22- Peroxide ion
S2- Sulfide ion
CO32- Carbonateion
CrO42- Chromateion
Cr2O72- Dichromate
SO42- Sulfate ion
1.Mono- 2.Di- 3.Tri- 4. Tetra-
5.Penta- 6.Hexa- 7.Hepta-
8.Octa- 9.Nona- 10.Deca-
N2O5: Dinitrogen Pentoxide (elided
a or o (prefix), if element begins
with a vowel)
CO2: Carbon Dioxide
Organic Chem: study of carbon
1.Meth- 2.Eth-
3.Prop- 4.But-
Alkanes: only C + H -ane
Methane, Ethane, ………
Functional group: H in an
alkane is replaced with
something else (like –OH)
Alcohol – Methol, Ethol……
Al3+ Aluminum
ion
Cr3+ Chromium(III) or chromic
ion
Fe3+ Iron(III) or ferric ion
N3- Nitride ion PO43- Phosphate ion
law of multiple proportions / Law of Conservation of Mass (mass always stay the same) (Isotopes: Neutrons) Law of Constant Composition
atomic theory: electron ( -ve ), proton ( +ve, attract,repel ) Mass #: P + N, Atomic #: P = E (Mass Spectrometer – measure Atomic & Molecular masses) 6.02214 X 10^23 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1g 1 A (Atoms) = 0.1 nm
Empirical formulas(ratio) / Molecular formulas(exact #) / Structural formulas / Perspective drawing
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K 10^3, m 10^-3, n 10^--9 Graduated cylinder Buret Syringe Pipet Volumetric flask 1cm3=cc=mL k=273.15+C 9/5(C+

Observations+experiments Matter(gas,liquid,solid): Atoms(element) O Find patterns,trends,lawMolecules(element)O formulate test hypothesisTheory

Intensive Properties…Are independent of the amount of the substance that is present. Density, boiling point, color, etc.^2 Molecules(Compound)H2O(Pure substance<can’t separated>/Homogeneous mixture)

Extensive Properties…Depend upon the amount of the substance present. Mass, volume, energy, etc

Distillation(boiling points of substances to separate a homogeneous mixture into its components.) filtration, Chromatography, centrifuge 離心分離,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(large_version)

1 - H - Hydrogen 2 - He – Helium 3 - Li - Lithium 4 - Be - Beryllium 5- B - Boron 6 - C - Carbon 7 - N - Nitrogen 8 - O - Oxygen 9 - F - Fluorine 10 - Ne – Neon

11 - Na - Sodium 12 - Mg - Magnesium 13 - Al - Aluminum, Aluminium 14 - Si - Silicon 15 - P - Phosphorus 16 - S - Sulfur 17 - Cl - Chlorine 18 - Ar – Argon 19 - K - Potassium 20 - Ca - Calcium 21 - Sc - Scandium 22 - Ti - Titanium 23 - V - Vanadium 24 - Cr - Chromium 25 - Mn - Manganese 26 - Fe - Iron 27 - Co - Cobalt 28 - Ni - Nickel 29 - Cu - Copper 30 - Zn - Zinc 31 - Ga - Gallium 32 - Ge - Germanium 33 - As - Arsenic 34 - Se - Selenium 35 - Br - Bromine 36 - Kr – Krypton

37 - Rb - Rubidium 38 - Sr - Strontium 39 - Y - Yttrium 40 - Zr - Zirconium 41 - Nb - Niobium 42 - Mo - Molybdenum 43 - Tc - Technetium 44 - Ru - Ruthenium 45 - Rh - Rhodium 46 - Pd - Palladium 47 - Ag - Silver 48 - Cd - Cadmium 49 - In - Indium 50 - Sn - Tin 51 - Sb - Antimony 52 - Te - Tellurium 53 - I - Iodine 54 - Xe - Xenon 55 - Cs - Cesium 56 - Ba - Barium 57 - La - Lanthanum 58 - Ce - Cerium 59 - Pr - Praseodymium 60 - Nd - Neodymium 61 - Pm - Promethium 62 - Sm - Samarium 63 - Eu - Europium 64 - Gd - Gadolinium 65 - Tb - Terbium 66 - Dy - Dysprosium 67 - Ho - Holmium 68 - Er - Erbium 69 - Tm - Thulium 70 - Yb - Ytterbium 71 - Lu - Lutetium 72 - Hf – Hafnium

73 - Ta - Tantalum 74 - W - Tungsten 75 - Re - Rhenium 76 - Os - Osmium 77 - Ir - Iridium 78 - Pt - Platinum 79 - Au - Gold 80 - Hg - Mercury 81 - Tl - Thallium 82 - Pb - Lead 83 - Bi - Bismuth 84 - Po - Polonium 85 - At - Astatine 86 - Rn – Radon

Lithium (3) Li Beryllium (4) Be Boron (5) B Carbon (6) C Nitrogen (7) N Oxygen (8) O Fluorine (9) F (10)Neon Ne Sodium (11) Na Magnesium (12) Mg 1A: Alkali Metals (Soft, reactive metal) 2A: Alkaline earth Metals 3-5: Transition metals 6A: Chalcogens 7A: Halogens 8A: Noble(rare)Gases (Nonreactive gas) Aluminium (13) Al Silicon (14) Si Phosphorus (15) P (16)Sulfur S Chlorine (17) Cl (18)Argon Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn 26 Iron Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu 30 Zinc Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In 50 Tin Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanides 57-71 ***** Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt 79 Gold Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl 82 Lead Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn

Molecular compounds – only nonmetals (solid / liquid / gas) ~ ANION H+ Hydrogen ion Ionic compounds – Metal or (maybe non-metal) (only in solid) ~ CATION + ANION

Li+ Na+ Sodium ion Lithium ion

K+ Cs+ Cesium ion Potassium ion

Ag+ Silver ion

NH Cu+ Copper(I) or cuprous ion 4 +^ Ammonium ion H- F- Hydride ionFluoride ion

Cl- Chloride ion Br- Bromide ion

I- CN- Cyanide ion Iodide ion

OH- Hydroxide ion

CH (C 23 HCOO 3 O 2 - )-^ Acetate ion

NO MnO 3 -^4 - Nitrate ionpermanganate

ClO^ <> 4 -^ Perchlorate ion

ClO ClO 32 - -^ ChlorChlorateite ionion

ClO 1 -^ Hypochlorite ion

-ideHydro -ic acid (HCl) Hydrochloric Acid

-ate^ <> -ic acid(HClO 4 - )Perchloric Acid

-ite -ous acid(HClO^ (HClO^3 - )Chlor 2 - )Chloricous^ Acid Acid

(HClO 1 - )Hypohlorous Acid

Mg2+ Magnesium Ca2+ Calcium ion

Sr2+ Strontium ion Ba2+ Barium ion

Zn2+ Zinc ion Cd2+ Cadmium ion

Co Cu2+2+^ Cobalt(II)Copper(II) or cobaltous ion or cupric ion

Fe Mn2+2+^ Iron(II)Manganese(II) or ferrous ion or manganous

Hg Hg 2 2+2+ Mercury(I) orMercury(II) or mercuric ion mercurous ion

Ni Pb2+2+^ Nickel(II)Lead(II) or nickelous ionor plumbous ion

Sn2+^ Tin(II) or stannous ion

O O 22 - 2-^ Oxide ionPeroxide ion

S2-^ Sulfide ion

CO CrO 3 2- 4 2-^ CarbonateChromateionion

Cr SO 2 O 4 2- 7 2-Sulfate ion^ Dichromate

1.Mono- 2.Di- 3.Tri- 4. Tetra-

5.Penta- 6.Hexa- 7.Hepta- 8.Octa- 9.Nona- 10.Deca-

N a or o (prefix), if element begins 2 O 5 : Dinitrogen Pentoxide (elided

with a vowel)

CO 2 : Carbon Dioxide

Organic Chem: study of carbon

1.Meth- 3.Prop- 4.But-2.Eth-

Alkanes: only C + H Methane, Ethane, ……… -ane

Functional group: H in an alkane is replaced with

something else (like –OH) Alcohol – Methol, Ethol……

Al3+ Aluminum ion Cr3+ Chromium(III) or chromic ion

Fe3+ Iron(III) or ferric ion

N3-^ Nitride ion PO 4 3-^ Phosphate ion

law of multiple proportions / Law of Conservation of Mass (mass always stay the same) (Isotopes: Neutrons) Law of Constant Composition atomic theory: electron ( -ve ), proton ( +ve, attract,repel ) Mass #: P + N, Atomic #: P = E (Mass Spectrometer – measure Atomic & Molecular masses) 6.02214 X 10^23 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1g 1 A (Atoms) = 0.1 nm

Empirical formulas(ratio) / Molecular formulas(exact #) / Structural formulas / Perspective drawing

<> ClO 4 - Perchlorate

ClO ClO 32 - -^ ChlorChlorateite ionion

ClO <> 1 -^ Hypo chlor(HCI)ite

-ide -ateHydro -ic acidchloric Acid

(HClO (HClO 43 - -)Perchlor)Chloric Acidic Acid

-ite (HClO -ous acid 2 - )Chlorous Acid

(HClO 1 - )Hypohlorous Acid

Mass # = Protons + Neutrons, Atomic #: = Protons or Electrons (Mass Spectrometer – measure Atomic & Molecular masses)

(Isotopes: Δin Neutrons ~ 11C: 6P,6E,5N /12C: 6P,6E,6N / 13C: 6P,6E,7N / 14C: 6P,6E,8N )in Neutrons ~ 11C: 6P,6E,5N /12C: 6P,6E,6N / 13C: 6P,6E,7N / 14C: 6P,6E,8N )

6.02214 X 10^23 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1g 1 A (Atoms) = 0.1 nm

Empirical formulas(ratio) 計: mole&M / Molecular formulas(exact #) / Structural formulas

Molarity = moles / vol (Liters) density = mass(amu)/ vol(ml) Molar mass: g/mol Mconc X Vconc = Mdilute X Vdilute

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 (Newton= 1 kg/m*sec^2 ) 1 bar = 105Pa = 100 kPa

Standard Pressure: (@sea level)1 atm(atmosphere) = 760Torr = 760 mmHg = 101.325kPa Pressure=Force/Area F=mass*acceleration=9.81m/s^2

Boyle’s Law: Vol=k/P Charles’s Law: Vol L=k(TempK^0 ) Avogadro’s Law: V=kn PV=nRT, R=0.08206 R: L-atm/mol-K =0.08206;

J/mol-K =8.314;

m^3 -Pa/mol-K =8.314;

kg-m^2 /s^2 -mol-K =8.314;

cal/mol-K =1.987;

L-torr/mol-K =62.

Constant: T , n Constant: P , n Constant: T, P V = Liters; n=moles;

P=atm; T=k^0 ; U=speed;

Ptot = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 ……

find partial pressure:

look 4 ratio!!!

T↑;(speed)m/s↑; KE↑;

# of collision of molecules↑;

strength of the impact↑ ~<constant: n>

KE =½ mu^2 ; constant:T rms speed:

U = √ (3RT/Molar mass),

<R: kg-m^2 /s^2 -mol-K =8.314;

Mm: kg/mol>

Van der Waals Equation

(P+n^2 a/v^2 )(V-nb)=nRT

r = effusion rate↑,

Molar mass↓,(speed)m/s↓

r 1 √M 1 =r 2 √M 2

Speed of molecules (m/s): U=√(3RT/μ); R=8.314 J/mol-ks^2 = 8.314kgm^2 /mol-k*s^2 ; T=C^0 +273.15K; μ=density(g/mol)

Lithium (3) Li Beryllium (4) Be NH Cr 24 O+^7 Ammonium2- Dichromate NOCN- Cyanide 3 - Nitrate MnO OH- Hydroxide 4 - permanganate SOO 24 -^ 2- OxideSulfate PO O 42 3-2-^ PeroxidePhosphate CHC 3 OCOO 3 2-^ Carbonate CrO- Acetate(C 2 H 43 2-O^ Chromate 2 - ) Boron (5) B Carbon (6) C Nitrogen (7) N Oxygen (8) O Fluorine (9) F (10)Neon Ne

Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg 1A: Alkali Metals (Soft,reactive) 2A:Alkaline earth Metals 3-5:Transition metals 6A:Chalcogens 7A:Halogens 8A: Noble(rare)Gases (Nonreactive gas) 7 strong: HCI , HBr , HI , H2SO4 , HNO3 , HClO4 , HClo3. Aluminium 13 Al 3+ Silicon (14) Si Phosphorus (15) P Sulfur (16) S Chlorine (17) Cl (18)Argon Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn 2+ Fe Iron+II/+III Co Cobalt+II/+III 28 Nickel Ni 2+ Copper 29 Cu 1+ 30 Zinc Zn 2+ Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd 47 Silver Ag 1+ Cadmium 48 Cd 2+ Indium 49 In 50 Tin Sn 2+ Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanides 57-71 ***** Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt 79 Gold Au Mercury 80 Hg 2+ Thallium 81 Tl 82 Lead Pb 2+ Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn