Transition
Elements
pranjoto utomo
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Transition Metals: Properties, Electronic Configurations, and Magnetic Behavior, Lecture notes of Chemistry
An overview of transition metals, their electronic configurations, and magnetic properties. It covers topics such as the definition of transition metals, their electronic structures, oxidation states, and the origin of magnetism. The document also discusses different types of magnetic behavior, including diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, and provides examples of each.
Typology: Lecture notes
2021/2022
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Transition
Elements
pranjoto utomo
Definition
- What is transition metal?
30 Zn?
One of which forms one or more stable ions which have incompletely filled d orbitals.
Electronic configuration
- charge (atomic number) >>, stability of
(n-1)d >> ns
- ionization energy of (n-1)d >> ns
- filled orbital energy of (n-1) d << ns
- electronic configuration writing
- (n-1)d ns not ns (n-1)d
Electronic configuration
Electronic structures of the d block elements
Several energy terms to think about
- The amount of energy needed to ionize the metal
- The amount of energy released when the compound formed (as lattice enthalpy in solids, or the hydration enthalpies of the ions in solution)
Several energy terms to think about
- Charged the ion >>, electrons to be removed >> ionization energy >>
- Charged the ion >>, energy to be released (as lattice enthalpy or the hydration enthalpy of the metal ion) >>
Oxidation state
- 21 Sc: +1, +2, +3 → +3 is most stable oxidation state
- 22 Ti: +1, +2, +3,+4 → +4 is the most stable oxidation state
Oxidation state
- Iron
- Iron has two common oxidation states (+2 and +3), for example, Fe2+^ or [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]2+^ and Fe3+or [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]3+
- It also has a less common +6 oxidation state in the ferrate(VI) ion, FeO 4 2-.
The origin of magnetism
- Electron (as particle → mass) → spinning on its axis → magnetism→ magnet elemental
electron magnetism
rotation on its axis
revolution on its orbit
dominant
neglected
The origin of magnetism
Diamagnetic
N (^) S
magnetic moment cancelled each other
opposite direction to applied field
not attracted by a magnetic filed
diamagnetic
- Magnetic moment alignment
- Has no magnetic moment
Diamagnetic
paramagnetism
electronic configuration of central atom / cation
influenced by ligand
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
The strength of ligands
I -^ < Br -^ <Cl -^ <OH -^ < H 2 O < NCS - < NH 3 < en < CO < CN-