Laboratory Experiments on Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws in Electrical Engineering, Assignments of Mathematics

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LABORATORY HANDBOOK & MANUAL

E E E 3 4 0 1

L A B I N V E S T I G A T I O N S I

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

WITH HONOURS

September 2019

:: CONTENT ::

GENERAL

I. Module Description

II. Introduction III. Weekly Plan IV. General Laboratory Safety Rules V. Student Conduct and Laboratory Report Submission VI. Lab Report Format VII. Lab Report Cover Page and Marking Assessment VIII. Rubric 1: Marking Scheme - Lab Practical IX. Rubric 2: Marking Scheme – Lab Report

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Circuit and Signal I :Circuit Laws - Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s law
2. Communication System - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation & Demodulation
3. Digital Electronics I - Verification of Logic Gates
4. Circuit and Signal I : Superposition Theorem (Open-Ended Lab)
5. Communication System - Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation & Demodulation [Open-ended Lab]
6. Digital Electronics I - Design of Logic Circuit [Open-ended Lab] REV 10/09/19 AF

Introduction

This laboratory manual is available to all students at the beginning of the semester contains the detailed information about the experiment objectives with each having a brief introduction, a short description of the facility, suggestions for summary and a few references. Students must prepare themselves for the next scheduled experiment following the appropriate hand-out. Your report should be submitted 1 week after the date of the experiment (by 5 pm). You must submit a hardcopy version only. Late submission will be subjected to a penalty. Note that the submission is to be done in GROUP of THREE (3). Shall any of the group members being absent with a VALID reason, he/she must submit an INDIVIDUAL REPORT after the replacement lab has been conducted. I mportant Notes: Plagiarism – Plagiarism is a form of cheating. Do not use someone else’s ideas or words and submit them as your own. You will get a 0% grade for plagiarising.

WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week Date Session Instructor Submission Notes Week 1 12 th^ Sept 2019 Week 2 19 th^ Sept 2019^ Lab Briefing, Introduction to Electronic & Electrical Lab (Hands On) Ir. Ts. Azri Adi & Ms. Anis Fariza All Lab Reports MUST BE submitted only to Lab Technician; Ms Ummul Khairah before the start of the next laboratory session. Report that is submitted later than the above mentioned period will be awarded with ZERO (0). Please sign the logbook upon submission. Week 3 26 th^ Sept 2019 Circuit & Signals I -Kirchhoff's law Ir.^ Ts. Azri Adi Week 4 3 rd^ Oct 2019 Communication System - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation & Demodulation Ms. Anis Fariza Lab Report Week 3 Week 5 10 th^ Oct 2019 Digital Electronics I - Verification of Logic Gates Ms. Anis Fariza^ Lab Report Week 4 Week 6 17 th^ Oct 2019 Network Theorems: Superposition, Theorem [Open-ended Lab] Ir. Ts. Azri Adi Lab Report Week 5 Week 7 24 th^ Oct 2019 Week 8 31 st^ Oct 2019 Communication System - [Open-ended Lab] Ms. Anis Fariza Lab Report Week 6 Week 9 7 th^ Nov 2019 Week 10 14 th^ Nov 2019 Digital Electronics I - Design of Logic Circuit [Open-ended Lab] Ms. Anis Fariza Lab Report Week 8 Week 11 21 st^ Nov 2019 Week 12 28 th^ Nov 2019 Replacement lab (With a valid Absent form)^ Lab Report Week 10 Week 13 5 th^ Dec 2019 Final Submission of ALL REPORTS for Replacement Lab Week14 12 th^ Dec 2019

STUDENT CONDUCT & LABORATORY REPORT

SUBMISSION

1. Sign in the attendance sheet.
2. Student coming in 20 minutes after laboratory session has started will be considered ABSENT.
3. Student is subject to 80% ruling of attendance. Failing to achieve 80% of attendance will cause a student to be BARRED from submitting the report and student shall RETAKE this module.
4. Each and every data acquired by the student during laboratory session MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED by the instructor (stamped or signed). 5. FAILING TO ADHERE ANY OF THE LABORATORY REGULATIONS STATED HEREWITH, NO MARK WILL BE AWARDED TO THE STUDENT.
5. All coursework MUST be submitted in accordance with the due date indicated on the lab manual. 7. Late submission: a) a deduction of 10% of the maximum mark available from the actual mark achieved by the student shall be imposed upon expiry of the deadline; b) a further deduction of 5% of the maximum mark available from the actual mark achieved by the student shall then be imposed on each of the next subsequent working days; c) any piece of work submitted 10 or more days after the expiry of the deadline will not be marked but will be assigned a mark of zero and deemed to be a non- submission;
6. Mitigating Circumstances: If there are any exceptional circumstances proof which may have affected your ability to undertake or submit this lab report, please make sure you contact the lecturer responsible. 9. IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO KEEP A RECORD OF ALL WORK SUBMITTED.
7. Work MUST be submitted to the member of academic staff responsible for setting your work.

LAB REPORT FORMAT

1. Cover Page
2. Marking Assessment & Marker’s Feedback
3. Rubric 1: Marking Scheme – Lab Practical (3 copies)
4. Rubric 1: Marking Scheme – Lab Report
5. Introduction / Theoretical Principles
6. Experimental Procedure
7. Result
8. Discussion
9. Conclusion
10. Reference *All report must be written in font type Times New Roman, size 12 only. *Bold style is only allowed for the words listed above.

MARKING & ASSESSMENT

Marking Scheme

Marks Available Marks Awarded Student 1: Student 2: Student 3: See Rubric 1 (Attached) – Lab Practical. 20 See Rubric 2 (Attached) – Lab Report. 80 Marks Awarded 100

MARKER’S FEEDBACK

Lecturer’s Comments: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Lecturer’s signature: Date: All marks are subject to confirmation by the Board of Examiners

Rubric 1: Marking Scheme – Lab Practical (Individual) Categories Score Score Awarded Process Skills 1 2 3 4 Student 1: Student 2: Student 3: P art 1/ Set-up and Equipment Care  Set-up of equipment is not accurate.  Unprepared, major assistance is required.  Set-up of equipment is generally workable with several helps that need refinement.  Set-up of equipment is generally accurate with few that need refinement.  All set-up of equipment accurately placed and workable. P art 2/ Experiment Procedure  Lacks the appropriate knowledge of the experiment procedures.  Unaware, requires major assistance even for basic procedures.  Demonstrates general knowledge of experiment procedures.  Little initiative to mitigate procedural problems, requires several assistances.  Demonstrates sound knowledge of the experiment procedures.  Good initiative to resolve procedural problems, requires minor assistances.  Demonstrates very good knowledge of experiment procedures.  Strong initiative, helpful /supportive throughout experiment procedures. P art 3/ Data Collection  Measurements are incomplete, inaccurate and imprecise.  Relationship observations are incomplete or not recorded.  Major redo/retake of measurement is required.  Measurements having several errors.  Relationship observations are recorded in a confusing way.  Some redo/retake of measurement is required.  Measurements are mostly accurate with reasonable precision.  Relationship observations are generally comply.  Work is generally organized.  Measurements are both accurate and precise.  Relationships observations are thorough and clear.  Work is neat and organized. P art 4/ Safety Compliance  Proper safety precautions are consistently missed.  Often needs to be reminded during the lab.  Proper safety precautions are often missed.  Needs to be reminded more than once during the lab.  Proper safety precautions are generally used.  May need to be reminded once during the lab.  Proper safety procedures are consistently used.  Uses general reminders of safe practices independently.

Rubric 2: Marking Scheme – Lab Report (Group) Total Marks: / Categories Score Weight- age Total Score (Weightage x Score) 2 4 6 8 P art 1/ Introduction/ theoretical/ principles Very little background information provided or information is incorrect. Some introductory information, but still missing some major points. Introduction is nearly complete, missing some minor points. Introduction complete and well-written; provides all necessary background principles for the experiment.

P art 2/ Experimental procedure Missing several important experimental details or not written in order. Written in rough order but readable, still missing some important experimental details. Written in good order, important experimental details are covered, some minor details missing. Well-written procedures, all experimental details are covered. 0. P art 3/ Results: data, figures, graphs, tables, etc. Figures, graphs, tables contain errors or are poorly constructed, have missing titles, captions or numbers, units missing or incorrect, etc. Most figures, graphs, tables OK, some still missing some important or required features All figures, graphs, tables are correctly drawn, but some have minor problems or could still be improved. All figures, graphs, tables are correctly drawn, are numbered and contain titles/captions. 3 P art 4/ Discussion Very incomplete or incorrect interpretation of trends and comparison of data indicating a lack of understanding of results. Some of the results have been correctly interpreted and discussed; partial but incomplete understanding of results is still evident. Almost all of the results have been correctly interpreted and discussed, only minor improvements are needed. All important trends and data comparisons have been interpreted correctly and discussed, good understanding of results is conveyed. 3

P art 5/ Conclusions Conclusions missing or missing the important points. Conclusions regarding major points are drawn, but many are misstated, indicating a lack of understanding. All important conclusions have been drawn, could be better stated. All important conclusions have been clearly made, student shows good understanding. 1 P art 6/ Appearance and formatting Spelling, grammar and sentence structure Sections out of order, sloppy formatting. Frequent grammar and/or spelling errors, writing style is rough and immature. Sections in order, formatting is rough but readable. Occasional grammar/spelling errors, generally readable with some rough spots in writing style. All sections in order, formatting generally good could still be improved. Less than 30% grammar/spelling errors, mature, readable style. All sections in order, well- formatted, very readable. All grammar/spelling correct and very well- written.

P art 7/ References No references provided. (^) References provided are incomplete, confusing format. References provided are in order, formatting generally good but could still be improved. References are in order and well formatted.

TOTAL MARKS

15 1857, Kirchhoff developed two conclusions, known as Kirchhoff’s Laws, can be stated as follows: i. Kirchhoff’s voltage law Kirchhoffs voltage law is also known as his first law. It is stated that the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop is equal to the sum of the emfs in that loop. It gives the relationship between the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit and the voltage sources in that loop. The totals of these two quantities are always equal. This can be given in equation form as: E = ∑IR, where the symbol ∑, which is the Greek letter sigma, means “the sum of.” ii. Kirchhoff’s current law Kirchhoff’s current law is called his second law. It is stated that the current arriving at any junction point in a circuit is equal to the current leaving that point. Current cannot collect or build up at a point. Thus, if 1A of current arrives at a junction that has two paths leading away from it, the 1A will divide among the two paths, but the total 1A must leave the junction. This can^ be^ given^ in^ equation^ form^ as:^ ∑Iin -^ ∑^ Iout =^0 or^ ∑Iin =^ ∑^ Iout.^ Normally, Kirchhoff’s current (^) law is not used by itself, but together with the voltage law in solving a circuit problem. 3.0 APPARATUS Table 1: Apparatus Setting for Section 4. S.NO COMPONENTS RATING QUANTITY

1. Ammeter Multimeter 1
2. Voltmeter Multimeter 1 1
3. Variable Power supply 0-30 V, DC 1
4. Resistance R 1 =…..^ R 2 =…..^ 1
5. Breadboard - 1
6. Connecting Wires - Few

Table 2 Apparatus Setting for Section 4. S.NO COMPONENTS RATING QUANTITY

1. Ammeter Multimeter 2
2. Voltmeter Multimeter 2
3. Variable Power supply 0-30 V, DC 1
4. Resistance R 1 =…..^ R 2 =…..^ 2
5. Breadboard - 1
6. Connecting Wires - Few 4.1 PROCEDURES 4.2 Experiment 1: Ohm’s Law
7. Using ohmmeter, measure and record the value of resistance^ R 1 in^ Table^3.
8. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1
9. The voltmeter is connected across^ R 1 resistor and an ammeter is connected in series with the resistor R 1.
10. Switch on the dc power supply and for different values of input voltage, E ; find the voltage ( V ) across R 1 and current ( I ) through R 1.
11. Record the readings in Table 3.
12. Repeat the same procedure using a different value of resistor. Note: If the student is using multimeter instead of voltmeter or ammeter or ohmmeter, make sure that the leads are correctly set for required measurement and rating.

10. Switch on the dc power supply.
11. For a given value of^ R 1 and^ R 2 , record the readings ( VT, V 1 , V 2 ,^ I 1 , I 2 and^ I ) in the table

12. Check whether^ RT =

R 1  R 2

for a parallel circuit. R 1  R 2

13. Check whether^ IT = I 1 + I 2 (Kirchhoff’s current law^ verification).
14. You can also check if voltage across parallel resistor is same.
15. Repeat the same procedure by setting a different value of resistor^ R 2. Note: If the student is using multimeter instead of voltmeter or ammeter or ohmmeter, make sure that the leads are correctly set for required measurement and rating. The value of R 1 is differs for different groups. 5.1 RESULTS Table 3: Data for Verification of Ohm’s Law for Figure 1 RESISTOR(Ω)) VOLTAGE(V)

CURRENT(A)

Practical value Theoretical value R 1 =...........Ω (^) 4V 8V 12V 15V R 2 = …….Ω (^) 4V 8V 12V 15V i. Students are expected to calculate the error for experimental values. ii. Prepare a graph with voltage vs. current.

Table 4: Study of Resistors in Series and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

R 1 () R 2 ()

RT

V 1 (V) V 2 (V) I(A)

VT

P T P T

Table 5: Study of Resistors in Parallel and Kirchhoff’s Current Law

R 1 () R 2 ()

RT

V 1 (V) V 2 (V) VT I 1 (A) I 2 (A) I (A)

IT

P T P T

Students are expected to do the Theoretical(T) calculations 6.1 DISCUSSION i. Compare the theoretical and practical values in Table 3, 4 and 5. ii. From the plotted graph, establish the relationship between voltage and current with explanation. iii. Comment on the accuracy of the experiment and ways of improving it.