toxicology BOTULISM : type pf food poisioning, Schemes and Mind Maps of Pharmacy

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BOTULISMBOTULISM

ORGANISMORGANISM

• (^) Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum
  • (^) Gram positiveGram positive
  • (^) Obligate anaerobic bacillusObligate anaerobic bacillus
  • (^) SporesSpores
    • (^) UbiquitousUbiquitous
    • (^) Resistant to heat, light, drying and radiationResistant to heat, light, drying and radiation
    • (^) specific conditions for germinationspecific conditions for germination
      • Anaerobic conditionsAnaerobic conditions
      • (^) Warmth (10-50Warmth (10-50ooC)C)
      • (^) Mild alkalinityMild alkalinity

TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

• (^) IngestionIngestion
  • (^) OrganismOrganism
  • (^) SporesSpores
  • NeurotoxinNeurotoxin
• (^) Wound contaminationWound contamination
• (^) InhalationInhalation
• (^) Person-to-person not documentedPerson-to-person not documented

HUMAN DISEASEHUMAN DISEASE

• (^) Three formsThree forms
  • (^) FoodborneFoodborne
  • (^) WoundWound
  • InfantInfant
• (^) All forms fatal and a medical emergencyAll forms fatal and a medical emergency
• (^) Incubation period: 12-36 hoursIncubation period: 12-36 hours

II).II). INFANT BOTULISMINFANT BOTULISM

• (^) Most common form in U.S.Most common form in U.S.
• (^) Spore ingestionSpore ingestion
  • (^) Germinate then toxin released and colonizeGerminate then toxin released and colonize large intestine large intestine
• (^) Infants < 1 year oldInfants < 1 year old
  • (^) 94% < 6 months old94% < 6 months old
• (^) Spores from varied sourcesSpores from varied sources
  • (^) Honey, food, dust, corn syrupHoney, food, dust, corn syrup

III).III). WOUND BOTULISMWOUND BOTULISM

• (^) Organism enters woundOrganism enters wound
  • (^) Develops under anaerobic conditionsDevelops under anaerobic conditions
  • (^) From ground-in dirt or gravelFrom ground-in dirt or gravel
  • It does not penetrate intact skinIt does not penetrate intact skin
  • (^) Associated with addicts of black-tar heroinAssociated with addicts of black-tar heroin

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

• (^) Clinical signsClinical signs
• (^) Toxin in serum, stool, gastric aspirate, suspected foodToxin in serum, stool, gastric aspirate, suspected food
• (^) Culture of stool or gastric aspirateCulture of stool or gastric aspirate
  • (^) Takes 5-7 daysTakes 5-7 days
• (^) Electromyography also diagnosticElectromyography also diagnostic
• (^) Mouse neutralization testMouse neutralization test
  • (^) Results in 48 hoursResults in 48 hours

TREATMENTTREATMENT

• (^) Intensive care immediatelyIntensive care immediately
  • (^) Ventilator for respiratory failureVentilator for respiratory failure
• (^) Botulinum antitoxinBotulinum antitoxin
  • (^) Derived from equine sourceDerived from equine source
  • (^) CDC distributesCDC distributes
  • (^) Used on a case-by-case basisUsed on a case-by-case basis
• (^) Botulism immune globulinBotulism immune globulin
  • (^) Infant cases of types A and GInfant cases of types A and G

HUMAN: PREVENTIONHUMAN: PREVENTION

 Do not feed honey to children <1 yr of ageDo not feed honey to children <1 yr of age

 Proper food preservation methodsProper food preservation methods

 (^) Proper time, temperature and pressureProper time, temperature and pressure  8080 ooC for 30 min or 100C for 30 min or 100ooC for 10 minC for 10 min

 Prompt refrigeration of foodsPrompt refrigeration of foods

 Boil foods for > 10 minutesBoil foods for > 10 minutes

 DecontaminationDecontamination

 (^) Boil suspected food before discardingBoil suspected food before discarding  (^) Boil or chlorine disinfect utensils usedBoil or chlorine disinfect utensils used