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A comprehensive overview of the life and reign of henry vii, the first tudor king of england. It covers his early life, character, and aims, as well as his administration, court, local government, and foreign policy. The document also discusses henry's marriage and family, key people in his life, and the social and economic context of his reign.
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Early life and Character 1457 - Born at Pembroke Castle to Margaret Beaufort and the late Edmund Tudor. 1462 - Removed from his mother’s care and made a ward of the Yorkist, William Lord Herbert. 1470 - 71 - In the care of his uncle Jasper Tudor at Pembroke Castle. They are besieged by Yorkist forces in 1471. 1471 - Leaves for Brittany with Jasper Tudor to seek asylum with Duke Francis. 1476 - Duke Francis agrees to surrender Henry to Yorkist forces, but confusion led to Henry seeking sanctuary and not returning to England. 1482 - Margaret Beaufort making plans for Henry’s return to England 1483 - Series of revolts followed by Henry being proclaimed king at Bodmin. Henry sets sail for England but is forced to turn back. Meets Yorkist exiles and promises to marry Elizabeth of York. Begins to make plans for a second attempt to invade England Character: Shrewd, calculating, ruthless, diplomatic, impartial, loyal, inexperienced, devoted, pious
Dynasty Curb the power of the nobles - Duke of Norfolk attainted after Bosworth. Released & restored to Earldom of Surrey in 1489 to suppress uprising in Yorkshire. Figures on attaining: 1485 - 6 = 28 people,1487 = 28 people, 1495 = 24 people. Retaining Laws: Laws against the unlawful keeping of private armies. H7 was ruthlessly impartial with this. Lord Burgavenny fined £100,000 for illegally retaining although he probably paid no more than £1,000 and was pardoned.
recognition Diplomacy: HV7 followed a diplomatic foreign policy, although could be aggressive when required, as seen in the invasion of France in 1492. Henry agreed a series of diplomatic agreements with countries across Europe (see Foreign Policy section), and married his children (Arthur, Margaret, Henry & Mary) into European foreign royalty.
of Exchequer to the Chamber. From 1493 the Exchequer lost its role in accounting for revenue from crown lands. Financial income: For ordinary and extra-ordinary revenue methods see key words. Henry improved the efficiency of methods and collection for Ordinary revenue and only used Extra-ordinary revenue during times of crisis. The Council Learned squeezed money from the nobles.
Gov. & Councils Chamber: Politically important, presided by the Lord Chamberlain. Lord Chamberlain was both powerful & trusted. Betrayal by Sir William Stanley (1495) through involvement in the Perkin Warbeck plot was a big blow. Privy Council: Created due to Stanley’s betrayal. It changed the character of the court through making it more difficult for those who were out of favour to regain the king’s support. H7 cut himself off from much of the king’s traditional contacts at court. Royal Council: 227 attended parliament 1485-1509, although only 6 or 7 members on the working Council. Role: advise the king, administer the realm and make legal judgements.
was. Court central to H7 personal monarchy and a place for royal ceremony. Courtiers received rewards and status along with paid positions (patronage). The levels of court were: the household proper, chamber and privy chamber. Council Learned in Law: Replaced use of the Star Chamber (1487) to control the nobility. A ‘specialist board’. Its function was to maintain the king’s revenue and exploit his prerogative rights. Led by Bray until he died in 1503, then Empson & Dudley. Historians have often seen their work as ‘shady’ due to not being recognised as a court of law and those who were summoned had no appeal.
passed on local issues and grievances to the king’s officials. It was made up by the Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. Only the king could call parliament, called seven times during Henry’s reign. Henry’s parliaments were usually concerned with national issues of security and raising of revenue along with multiple Acts of Attainder. Parliament forbade Henry from collecting any further extra-ordinary revenue in a law passes in 1504.
level to maintain law and order in the countryside. They were appointed on a country-by-country basis and met four times a year to administer justice. They superseded the county sheriff.1495: Parliament extends the role of JPs enabling them to decide on all offences except murder. Other – Council of the North and Wales – had limited power as H7 was keen to centralize power. Also local trade groups (charters) has some sway, as did Stannaries' in Cornwall.
through his marriage to Isabella of Castile. Agreed marriage of daughter Catherine to Arthur Tudor in treaty of 1489. Isabella of Castile: Ruler of Castile. United Spain through marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon. Death in 1504 sparked a succession crisis in between her husband and her daughter. Juana of Castile: Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Claimed the throne of Castile on her mother’s death, putting her at war with her father. Henry VII supported her claim until the death of her husband sent her mad. 1489 – Treaty of Medina Del Campo
Anne of Brittany: Becomes Duchess of Brittany, aged 12, after the death of her father Duke Francis. Her age and sex meant that Brittany was under threat from being reclaimed by the French. Marries Maximilian by proxy in 1489. Actually marries Charles VIII of France in 1492. Charles VIII of France: King of France from 1483-1498. He ruled in his own right from 1491, and his main concern was to assert his claim to the throne of the kingdom of Naples in the Italian peninsula. This reduced the threat from Charles to HVII. He married Anne of Brittany in 1492. 1489 – Treaty of Redon 1492 – Treaty of Etaples
Invaded England in 1496. Supported Warbeck until he married Margaret Tudor in 1503. 1497 - Truce of Ayton. 1502 – Treaty of Perpetual Peace.
Emperor Maximilian I: Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 to