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Henry VII: Life, Reign, and Historical Significance, Slides of Law

A comprehensive overview of the life and reign of henry vii, the first tudor king of england. It covers his early life, character, and aims, as well as his administration, court, local government, and foreign policy. The document also discusses henry's marriage and family, key people in his life, and the social and economic context of his reign.

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Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Subject:
History
Topic: Henry VII
Year Group: 12
1. Character & Aims
1
Henry’s
Early life
and
Character
1457 - Born at Pembroke Castle to Margaret Beaufort and
the late Edmund Tudor.
1462 -Removed from his mother’s care and made a ward
of the Yorkist, William Lord Herbert.
1470-71 - In the care of his uncle Jasper Tudor at Pembroke
Castle. They are besieged by Yorkist forces in 1471.
1471 - Leaves for Brittany with Jasper Tudor to seek asylum
with Duke Francis.
1476 - Duke Francis agrees to surrender Henry to Yorkist
forces, but confusion led to Henry seeking sanctuary and
not returning to England.
1482 -Margaret Beaufort making plans for Henry’s return
to England
1483 -Series of revolts followed by Henry being proclaimed
king at Bodmin. Henry sets sail for England but is forced to
turn back. Meets Yorkist exiles and promises to marry
Elizabeth of York. Begins to make plans for a second
attempt to invade England
Character: Shrewd, calculating, ruthless, diplomatic,
impartial, loyal, inexperienced, devoted, pious
2
Establish a
Dynasty
Curb the power of the nobles - Duke of Norfolk attainted
after Bosworth. Released & restored to Earldom of Surrey in
1489 to suppress uprising in Yorkshire. Figures on attaining:
1485-6 = 28 people,1487 = 28 people, 1495= 24 people.
Retaining Laws:Laws against the unlawful keeping of private
armies. H7 was ruthlessly impartial with this. Lord
Burgavenny fined £100,000 for illegally retaining although
he probably paid no more than £1,000 and was pardoned.
3
Foreign
recognition
Diplomacy: HV7fol lowed a diplomatic foreign policy,
although could be aggressive when required, as seen in the
invasion of France in 1492. Henry agreed a series of
diplomatic agreements with countries across Europe (see
Foreign Policy section), and married his children (Arthur,
Margaret, Henry & Mary) into European foreign royalty.
4
Solvency Administration:Henry moved royal finances from the Court
of Exchequer to the Chamber. From 1493 the Exchequer lost
its role in accounting for revenue from crown lands.
Financial income: Forordinary and extra-ordinary revenue
methods see key words. Henry improved the efficiency of
methods and collection for Ordinary revenue and only used
Extra-ordinary revenue during times of crisis. The Council
Learned squeezed money from the nobles.
Key
Dates
Events
1478 Printing press established
1485 Battle of Bosworth
, H7 coronation and
first parliament
1486 Marriage to Eliz. of York, Lovell
rebellion, birth of Arthur
1487 Simnel plot, Battle of Stoke, Trade
embargo
1489 Yorkshire rebellion, Treaty of Redon
and MDC
1491 Arthur born, Warbeck plot starts
1492 Treaty of Etaples
1494 Poyning’s Law
1495 Stanley executed, Council Learned
and Privy Chamber established
1496 Magnus Intercursus signed
1497 Cornish rebellion, Warbeck captured
1499 Warwick & Warbeck executed
1501 Arthur & C.of Aragon married
1502 Death of Arthur, H7 approved the
Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey.
1503 Death of Bray, Margaret married JIV
1506 Treaty of Windsor, Malus Intercusus
1509 H7 death
2. Government
1
Central
Gov. &
Councils
Chamber: Politically important, presided by the Lord
Chamberlain. Lord Chamberlain was both powerful &
trusted. Betrayal by Sir William Stanley (1495) through
involvement in the Perkin Warbeck plot was a big blow.
Privy Council: Created due to Stanley’s betrayal. It
changed the character of the court through making it
more difficult for those who were out of favour to regain
the king’s support. H7 cut himself off from much of the
king’s traditional contacts at court.
Royal Council: 227 attended parliament 1485-1509,
although only 6 or 7 members on the working Council.
Role: advise the king, administer the realm and make legal
judgements.
2
Court Royal Court The centre of government wherever the king
was. Court central to H7 personal monarchy and a place
for royal ceremony. Courtiers received rewards and status
along with paid positions (patronage). The levels of court
were: the household proper, chamber and privy chamber.
Council Learned in Law: Replaced use of the Star Chamber
(1487) to control the nobility. A ‘specialist board’. Its
function was to maintain the king’s revenue and exploit his
prerogative rights. Led by Bray until he died in 1503, then
Empson & Dudley. Historians have often seen their work
as ‘shady’ due to not being recognised as a court of law
and those who were summoned had no appeal.
3
Parliament Main functions were to pass laws and grant taxation. Also
passed on local issues and grievances to the king’s
officials. It was made up by the Lords Spiritual and Lords
Temporal. Only the king could call parliament, called seven
times during Henry’s reign. Henry’s parliaments were
usually concerned with national issues of security and
raising of revenue along with multiple Acts of Attainder.
Parliament forbade Henry from collecting any further
extra-ordinary revenue in a law passes in 1504.
4
Local Gov. Justices of the Peace Henry relied on these at a local
level to maintain law and order in the countryside. They
were appointed on a country-by-country basis and met
four times a year to administer justice. They superseded
the county sheriff.1495:Parlia ment extends the role of JPs
enabling them to decide on all offences except murder.
Other Council of the North and Wales had limited
power as H7 was keen to centralize power. Also local
trade groups (charters) has some sway, as did Stannaries'
in Cornwall.
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1. Character & Aims

1 Henry’s

Early life and Character 1457 - Born at Pembroke Castle to Margaret Beaufort and the late Edmund Tudor. 1462 - Removed from his mother’s care and made a ward of the Yorkist, William Lord Herbert. 1470 - 71 - In the care of his uncle Jasper Tudor at Pembroke Castle. They are besieged by Yorkist forces in 1471. 1471 - Leaves for Brittany with Jasper Tudor to seek asylum with Duke Francis. 1476 - Duke Francis agrees to surrender Henry to Yorkist forces, but confusion led to Henry seeking sanctuary and not returning to England. 1482 - Margaret Beaufort making plans for Henry’s return to England 1483 - Series of revolts followed by Henry being proclaimed king at Bodmin. Henry sets sail for England but is forced to turn back. Meets Yorkist exiles and promises to marry Elizabeth of York. Begins to make plans for a second attempt to invade England Character: Shrewd, calculating, ruthless, diplomatic, impartial, loyal, inexperienced, devoted, pious

2 Establish a

Dynasty Curb the power of the nobles - Duke of Norfolk attainted after Bosworth. Released & restored to Earldom of Surrey in 1489 to suppress uprising in Yorkshire. Figures on attaining: 1485 - 6 = 28 people,1487 = 28 people, 1495 = 24 people. Retaining Laws: Laws against the unlawful keeping of private armies. H7 was ruthlessly impartial with this. Lord Burgavenny fined £100,000 for illegally retaining although he probably paid no more than £1,000 and was pardoned.

3 Foreign

recognition Diplomacy: HV7 followed a diplomatic foreign policy, although could be aggressive when required, as seen in the invasion of France in 1492. Henry agreed a series of diplomatic agreements with countries across Europe (see Foreign Policy section), and married his children (Arthur, Margaret, Henry & Mary) into European foreign royalty.

4 Solvency^ Administration:^ Henry moved royal finances from the Court

of Exchequer to the Chamber. From 1493 the Exchequer lost its role in accounting for revenue from crown lands. Financial income: For ordinary and extra-ordinary revenue methods see key words. Henry improved the efficiency of methods and collection for Ordinary revenue and only used Extra-ordinary revenue during times of crisis. The Council Learned squeezed money from the nobles.

Key

Dates

Events

1478 Printing press established

1485 Battle of Bosworth, H7 coronation and

first parliament

1486 Marriage to Eliz.^ of York, Lovell

rebellion, birth of Arthur

1487 Simnel plot, Battle of Stoke, Trade

embargo

1489 Yorkshire rebellion, Treaty of Redon

and MDC

1491 Arthur born, Warbeck plot starts

1492 Treaty of Etaples

1494 Poyning’s Law

1495 Stanley executed, Council Learned

and Privy Chamber established

1496 Magnus Intercursus signed

1497 Cornish rebellion, Warbeck captured

1499 Warwick & Warbeck executed

1501 Arthur & C.of Aragon married

1502 Death of Arthur, H7 approved the

Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey.

1503 Death of Bray, Margaret married JIV

1506 Treaty of Windsor, Malus Intercusus

1509 H7 death

2. Government

1 Central

Gov. & Councils Chamber: Politically important, presided by the Lord Chamberlain. Lord Chamberlain was both powerful & trusted. Betrayal by Sir William Stanley (1495) through involvement in the Perkin Warbeck plot was a big blow. Privy Council: Created due to Stanley’s betrayal. It changed the character of the court through making it more difficult for those who were out of favour to regain the king’s support. H7 cut himself off from much of the king’s traditional contacts at court. Royal Council: 227 attended parliament 1485-1509, although only 6 or 7 members on the working Council. Role: advise the king, administer the realm and make legal judgements.

2 Court^ Royal Court^ The centre of government wherever the king

was. Court central to H7 personal monarchy and a place for royal ceremony. Courtiers received rewards and status along with paid positions (patronage). The levels of court were: the household proper, chamber and privy chamber. Council Learned in Law: Replaced use of the Star Chamber (1487) to control the nobility. A ‘specialist board’. Its function was to maintain the king’s revenue and exploit his prerogative rights. Led by Bray until he died in 1503, then Empson & Dudley. Historians have often seen their work as ‘shady’ due to not being recognised as a court of law and those who were summoned had no appeal.

3 Parliament^ Main functions were to pass laws and grant taxation. Also

passed on local issues and grievances to the king’s officials. It was made up by the Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. Only the king could call parliament, called seven times during Henry’s reign. Henry’s parliaments were usually concerned with national issues of security and raising of revenue along with multiple Acts of Attainder. Parliament forbade Henry from collecting any further extra-ordinary revenue in a law passes in 1504.

4 Local Gov.^ Justices of the Peace^ –^ Henry relied on these at a local

level to maintain law and order in the countryside. They were appointed on a country-by-country basis and met four times a year to administer justice. They superseded the county sheriff.1495: Parliament extends the role of JPs enabling them to decide on all offences except murder. Other – Council of the North and Wales – had limited power as H7 was keen to centralize power. Also local trade groups (charters) has some sway, as did Stannaries' in Cornwall.

3. Foreign Policy

1 Spain^ Ferdinand of Aragon:^ Ruler of Aragon in Spain. United Spain

through his marriage to Isabella of Castile. Agreed marriage of daughter Catherine to Arthur Tudor in treaty of 1489. Isabella of Castile: Ruler of Castile. United Spain through marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon. Death in 1504 sparked a succession crisis in between her husband and her daughter. Juana of Castile: Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Claimed the throne of Castile on her mother’s death, putting her at war with her father. Henry VII supported her claim until the death of her husband sent her mad. 1489 – Treaty of Medina Del Campo

2 France &

Brittany

Anne of Brittany: Becomes Duchess of Brittany, aged 12, after the death of her father Duke Francis. Her age and sex meant that Brittany was under threat from being reclaimed by the French. Marries Maximilian by proxy in 1489. Actually marries Charles VIII of France in 1492. Charles VIII of France: King of France from 1483-1498. He ruled in his own right from 1491, and his main concern was to assert his claim to the throne of the kingdom of Naples in the Italian peninsula. This reduced the threat from Charles to HVII. He married Anne of Brittany in 1492. 1489 – Treaty of Redon 1492 – Treaty of Etaples

3 Scotland^ James IV of Scotland:^ King of Scotland 1488 to 1513.

Invaded England in 1496. Supported Warbeck until he married Margaret Tudor in 1503. 1497 - Truce of Ayton. 1502 – Treaty of Perpetual Peace.

4 Other^ –

HRE,

Ireland,

Burgundy

Emperor Maximilian I: Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 to

  1. Gained control of the Netherlands through his marriage to Mary of Burgundy in 1477. Married Anne of Brittany by proxy in 1489 to limit the power of the French. Margaret of Burgundy: Sister of EIV & RIII. Leading supporter of the Yorkist cause. Dowager duchess of Burgundy after the death of her husband Charles the Bold. Links to the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands through her step-son in law Emperor Maximilian. Philip of Burgundy: Son of Emperor Maximilian and husband of Juana of Castile. Supported Juana’s claim to the throne and signed a treaty with Henry VII. His death in 1506 brought an end to the Castilian succession crisis. Earl of Kildare : See key characters bank 1489 – Treaty of Dordrecht 1495 – Poyning’s Law 1495 – Magnus Intercusus, 1506 – Malus Intercusus, 1504 – Treat of Windsor Key People Reginald Bray Close ally of HVII. Rewarded title of Duchy of Lancaster. Established Council Learned John de Vere (Earl of Oxford) H7 most trusted military commander – led H troops at Bosworth & Stoke Richard Empson Member of King’s Council from 1494. Skilled bureaucrat. Chaired the Council Learned. Executed in 1510. Edmund Dudley Skilled Lawyer. Rose to prominence following death of Bray. Key in the Council Learned. Executed 1510. John Morton Archbishop of Canterbury and Cardinal Richard Fox Bishop of Exeter and Keeper of Great Seal William Stanley H7 step-uncle – Key at Bosworth - Lord Chamberlain. Executed treason 1495 Thomas Stanley H7 stepfather – Earl of Derby - powerbase North-West & Wales Jasper Tudor Uncle to H7, Protector of H7 during Brittany exile. Control of Wales Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy. Fought for RIII, imprisoned but released. Killed during Yorkshire tax rebellion. Earl of Surrey Thomas Howard - imprisoned by H7 but released. Loyal - defeated Yorkshire rebellion. John Colet Lecturer at Oxford. Translated the New Testament into English He founded, St Pauls School which would teach humanism. Thomas More Lawyer, scholar, writer, MP and Lord Chancellor. Erasmus The greatest scholar of the early 16th^ century. Key to Humanist movement.. Earl of Warwick Son of Ed. Vis brother, heir apparent. Placed in tower age 10, beheaded in 1499 for link t Warbeck John de la Pole Earl of Lincoln, nephew to EDVI & RIII. Led forces at Battle of Stoke (1487) AND killed in battle. Key Yorkist claimant. Margaret Beaufort Mother of H7 – first husband was Edmund Tudor (H7 father). Third husband – Thomas Stanley. Unofficial advisor to H7 and patron arts and learning. Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor (1493-1519) Charles VIII King of France (1483-1498) James IV Kind of Scotland (1488-1513) Gerald Fitzgerald - Earl of Kildare Leading member of Irish nobility – supported Simnel plot but remained loyal afterwards 4. Society 1 Agriculture (^) Enclosure- rearranging open fields into field separated by hedge or fences. It ended common rights to land. Engrossing- combining small farms into one large unit Sheep Farming Growth in cloth industry encouraged enclosure, engrossing and changing from arable to sheep farming. Other Animals: Some horse farming and dairy farming but limited. Employment 90% of population were peasants living off the land and struggling for survival – subsistence agriculture. Peasants had to pay rents, tithes and taxes. 2 Wool and Cloth Trade The growing profitability of wool encouraged farmers to enclose or engross farms. Wool was used to clothe everyone but new markets in Antwerp meant the English were clothing Germans and eastern Europeans. Merchant Clothiers arranged the collection & sale of cloth, thread and wool. Decline in export of raw wool before H7, continued. 90% of exports. Cottage-industry – took place in people’s homes and supplemented income from farming. Estimated 60% increase in cloth exports 1485-
  2. Employed 1.3% of population fulltime. Part-time work for many more. Also see economy and Trade 3 Other Industries Mining: Tin = Cornwall, Lead = Pennines, Coal = Northumberland and Durham. Metallurgy - 1496 H7 sponsored building of blast furnace in Kent for weapons. Germany was superior in metallurgy and mining. Shipbuilding: Mainly trade – navy consisted of just 5 ships Fulling and dying- Developed as wool export replaced by cloth which required fulling and dyeing. Offered rural employment to supplement agricultural incomes. 4 Social issues (^) Enclosure - Led to rural de-population as less labour intensive 1488 & 1489 Acts against enclosure. Bad Harvests- Harvest determined abundant food or starvation & disease. Fluctuations determined prices for basic food & impacted size of the population & condition of the people. Inflation: Temporary price rise in the 1480s, otherwise prices remained steady. Agricultural labourers better off in 1490s than they would be for rest of Tudor period. Population growth – 1430 2.1 million, 1522 2.3 million – may seem small but the beginning of a population explosion that would reach 5.2 million by 1640.