TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 |TEST
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Define central or transtentorial herniation. - ansA downward movement of the cerebral
hemispheres with herniation of the diencephalon and midbrain through the elongated
gap of the tentorium.
Define Hemothorax. - ansAccumulation of blood in the pleural space.
Define Minor Head Trauma. - ansGCS 13-15
Define Moderate Head Trauma - ansPostresuscitative state with GCS 9-13.
Define Pneumothorax. - ansResults when an injury to lung leads to accumulation of air
in pleural space w/subsequent loss of negative intrapleural pressure. Partial or total
collapse of lung may ensue.
An open pneumothorax results from wound through chest wall. Air enters pleural space
both through the wound and trachea.
Define Severe Head Trauma. - ansPostresuscitative state with GCS score of 8 or less.
Define tension pneumothorax. - ansLife-threatening injury. Air enters pleural space on
inspiration, but air cannot escape on expiration. Rising intrathoracic pressure collapses
lung on side of injury causing a mediastinal shift that compresses the heart, great
vessels, trachea and uninjured lung. Venous return impeded, cardiac output falls,
hypotension results.
Immediate decompression should be performed. Treatment should not be delayed.
Define uncal herniation. - ansThe uncus (medial aspect of the temporal lobe) is
displaced over the tentorium into the posterior fossa. This herniation is the more
common of the two types of herniation syndromes.
Disruptions of the bony structures of the skull can result in what? - ansDisplaced or
nondisplaced fx's causing CSF leakage b/c of lac to the dura mater, creating a passage
for CSF.
CSF leaks through the nose (rhinorrhea) or the ears (otorrhea). A potential entrance for
invading bacteria.
Also: meningitis or encephalitis or brain abscess
Explain adrenal gland response. - ansWhen adrenal glands are stimulated by SNS,
release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from adrenal medulla will
increase.
