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GRADED A+
A 5-year old child presents to the ED with bruises to the upper arms and buttocks in various stages of healing and multiple small, clean, round burns to the back. There are no abnormalities found based on the pediatric assessment triangle or primary survey. Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention? A) report your suspicion of the maltreatment in accordance with local regulations B) apply ice to the bruises and consult wound care C) engage in therapeutic communication to determine the MOI D) provide the family with injury prevention recourses - ANSA) report your suspicion of the maltreatment in accordance with local regulations A 20-year old male presents to the ED c/o severe lower abd pain after landing hard on the bicycle cross bars which performing an aerial BMX maneuver. Secondary assessment reveals lower abd tenderness and scrotal ecchymosis. Which of the following orders would the nurse questions? A) Fast exam B) CT scan C) straight cath for urine sample D) ice and elevation of the scrotum - ANSC) straight cath for urine sample A 35-year old male presents with facial trauma after bring struck in the face with a baseball. a tear-drop shaped left pupil is noted on exam. What type of injury is suspected? A) oculomotor nerve palsy B) globe rupture *** C) Uncal herniation D) retinal detachment - ANSB) globe rupture A 36-year old female has a deformity of the left wrist after a fall. She is reluctant to move her hand due to pain. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention? A) apply a sling and elevate the extremity to the level of the heart. B) apply a splint and elevate above the level of the heart C) Apply a sling and elevate the extremity above the level of the heart D) apply a splint and elevate the extremity to the level of the heart. - ANSB) apply a splint and ELEVATE ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE HEART A 49-year old restrained driver involved in a MVC presents to the trauma center c/o abd, pelvic, and bil lower extremity pain Vitals signs are stable. The nurse can anticipate all of these negative fast exam except which of the following? A. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage B. Serial FAST exams C. Abdominal and pelvic CT scans
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GRADED A+
D. Serial abdominal assessments - ANSA) diagnostic peritoneal lavage The FAST exam is done at the bedside to identify pathological fluid in the abdominal and pelvic cavities. FAST exams reduce the use of more invasive diagnostic peritoneal lavage and can be repeated if clinical changes or hemodynamic changes occur. A negative FAST study does not rule out injury and may warrant a follow-up computed tomography scan. Serial FAST exams can identify increasing abdominal fluid collections from hemorrhage. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage/diagnostic peritoneal aspiration is performed by the surgical team to rapidly identify the presence of hemorrhage in patients who are hemodynamically unstable after trauma. A 56-year- male patient involved in a MVC is brought to the ED of a rural critical access facility. He c/o neck pain, SOB, and diffuse abd pain. His GCS is 15. His vitals are as follows: BP 98/ HR 125 beats/min RR 26 breaths/min SpO2 94% on high flow O2 via NRB mask which of the following is the priority intervention for this patient? A) Expedite transport to the CT scanner B) prepare the patient for spinal radiographs C) expedite transfer to the closest trauma center D) notify the patients family - ANSC) expedite transfer to the closest trauma center A passenger is brought to the emergency department of a rural hospital following a high-speed MVC. When significant abdominal and pelvic injuries are noted in the primary survey, which of the following is the priority interventions? A) initiate transfer to a trauma center B) provide report to the operating room nurse C) Obtained imaging studies D) Place a gastric tube - ANSA) initiate transfer to a trauma center A patient arrives with a large open chest wound after being assaulted with a machete, Prehospital providers placed a nonporous dressing over the chest wound and tapes it on 3 sides. He is now showing signs of anxiety, restlessness, severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, and decreasing blood pressure. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate interventions? A) needle decompression B) tube thoracostomy C) dressing removal D) surgical repair - ANSC) dressing removal
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GRADED A+
A patient with lower extremity fracture complains of severe pain and tightness in his calf, minimally relieved by pain medications. Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention? A) elevating the extremity above the level of the heart B) repositioning and apply ice C) Elevating the extremity to the level of the heart D) Preparing the patient for ultrasound - ANSC) Elevating the extremity to the level of the heart A trauma patient is en route to a rural ED. Radiology notifies the charge nurse that the CT scanner will be out of service for several of hours. The team gathers to plan accordingly. Which of the following terms best describes this trauma teams communication? A) Brief B) loop C) debrief D) huddle - ANSD) huddle A trauma patient is restless and repeatedly asking "where am I?" vital signs upon arrival were BP 100/60 mm Hg, HR 96 beats/min, and RR 24 breaths/min. Her skin is cool and dry. Current vital signs are BP 104/84mm Hg, HR 108, RR 28 breaths/min. The patient is demonstrating signs and symptoms of which stage of shock? A) compensated B) Progressive C) irreversible D) decompensated - ANSA) compensated An elderly patient with a history of anticoagulant use presents after a fall at home that day. she denies any loss of consciousness. She has a hematoma to her forehead and complains of headache, dizziness, and nausea. Which is a most likely cause of her symptoms? A) epidural hematoma B) diffuse axonal injury C) post-concussive syndrome D) subdural hematoma - ANSD) subdural hematoma An intubated trauma patient is being transferred to a tertiary care center. After moving the patient to the stretcher for transport, a drop in pulse oximetry to 85% is noted. Which of the following is the priority interventions?
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GRADED A+
A) call for a portable CXR stat B) chest to make sure the ventilator is plugged in C) suction the ET tube D) confirm ET tube placement - ANSD) confirm ET tube placement An unresponsive trauma patient has an oropharyngeal airway in place, shallow and labored respiratory, and dusky skin. the trauma team has administered medications for drug assisted intubation and attempted intubation but was unsuccessful. What is the most appropriate immediate next step? A) Ventilate with a BVM B) Prepare for cricothyroidotomy C) administer reversal medications D) contact anesthesia for assistance - ANSA) Ventilate with a BVM Caregivers carry a 2-year old into the ED who fell out of 2nd story window. The patient is awake and crying with increased work of breathing and pale skin. which of the following interventions has the highest priority? A) padding the upper back while stabilizing the cervical spine *** B) applying a tight-fitting NRB mask with an attached resevior C) establishing intravenous access and administering a 20mL/kg bolus D) preparing for drug assisted intubation - ANSA) padding the upper back while stabilizing the cervical spine During the primary survey of an unconscious patient with multi-system trauma, the nurse notes snoring respirations. Which priority nursing interventions should be performed next? A) open the airway with the head-tilt/chin lift maneuver B) auscultate bilateral breath sounds to assess ventilatory status C) assist respirations using a BVM D) insert an oropharyngeal airway if there is no gag reflex - ANSD) insert an oropharyngeal airway if there is no gag reflex EMS arrives with the intoxicated driver of a car involved in a MVC. EMS reports significant damage to the drivers side of the car. The patient is asking to have the cervical color removed. when is it appropriate to remove the cervical collar? A) after a physical examination if the patient has no radiologic abnormalities on a computed tomography scan *** B) after physician evaluation if the patient has not neurologic abnormalities on exam C) after palpation of the spine if the patient has no point tenderness the the vertebral column
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GRADED A+
The most reassuring finding for a male patient with hop pain after a fall is which of the following? A) a normal prostate exam B) absence of abdominal distension C) a normal fast exam D) pelvic stability - ANSD) pelvic stability The nurse is caring for a 120 kg male is brought in after a warehouse fire and is calculating the patient's fluid resuscitation needs. He has painful red blistering to the entire surface of both upper extremities and superficial burns to the anterior chest. Using the modified Lund and Browder chart to calculate the total BSA burned, how much IV fluids would be administered in the first 8 hours? A) 2280 mL B) 3840 mL C) 4560 mL D) 7680 mL - ANSA) 2280 mL (upper arm 4+4 / lower arm 3+3 / hand 2.5+2.5) = 19% TBSA. 120 kg x (2 mL) x (19% TBSA) = 4560 mL 4560 / 2 (half of fluids given in first 8 hours) = 2280 mL The trauma nurse knows that placing a bariatric patients in a "ramped position" provides better visualization during the insertion of which device? A) Intraosseous line B) orogastric tube C) ET tube *** D) urinary catheter - ANSC) ET tube What bedside monitoring parameters are used to assess for adequacy of oxygenation and effectiveness of ventilation? A) pulse oximetry and capnogaphy ** B) respiratory rate and capnography C) pulse oximetry and respiratory rate D) capnography and capnometry - ANSA) pulse oximetry and capnogaphy What factor contributes most the kinetic energy of a body in motion? A) acceleration B) mass
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GRADED A+
C) velocity D) inertia - ANSC) velocity What finding raises suspicion of complete spinal cord injury? A) Weakness in the lower extremities B) Priapism C) voluntary anal sphincter tone D) intact reflexes distal to the injury - ANSB) Priapism Which is the effect of hypothermia on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? A) Hemoglobin does not readily release oxygen for use by the tissues B) The amount of oxygen available to the tissues increases C) Tissue oxygenation (PaO2) increases D) Hemoglobin molecule saturation (SaO2) decreases - ANSA) Hemoglobin does not readily release oxygen for use by the tissues Which of the following assessment findings differentiates a tension pneumothorax from a simple pneumothorax? A) increased work of breathing B) unilaterally diminished breath sounds C) pleuritic chest pain D) hypotension that worsens with inspiration - ANSD) hypotension that worsens with inspiration. Assessment findings associated with tension pneumothorax include anxiety, severe restlessness, severe respiratory distress, and absent breath sounds on the injured side. Hypotension due to compression of the heart and great vessels is consistent with obstructive shock. Hypotension worsens with inspiration due to increased intrathoracic pressure. Late signs include distended neck veins, tracheal deviation, and cyanosis. Which of the following considerations is most important when caring for a geriatric trauma patient? A) head to to exam B) medical history C) incontinence D) falls - ANSB) medical history Which of the following injuries is LEAST likely to be promptly identified? A) spleen B) lung
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GRADED A+
A) it causes less spinal motion than the lift and slide maneuver B) it is recommended for patients with unstable pelvic fractures C) it can worsen cord damage from an unstable spinal injury *** D) it does not increases the risk of life threatening hemorrhage from unstable injuries - ANSC) it can worsen cord damage from an unstable spinal injury Which of the following mnemonics can help the nurse prioritize care for a trauma patient with massive uncontrolled hemorrhage? A) ABC B) MARCH C) AVPU D) VIPP - ANSB) MARCH Which of the following occurs during the third impact of a motor vehicle crash? A) The driver of the vehicle collides with the steering wheel B) the vehicle collides with a tree C) the aorta is torn at its attachment with the ligamentum arteriosum D) the airbag deploys and strikes the front seat passenger - ANSC) the aorta is torn at its attachment with the ligamentum arteriosum Which of the following patients warrants referral to a burn center? A) a 21- year old female with a partial thickness burn to the right forearm B) a 40-year old hypertensive male with a superficial burn to the back C) a 52-year old diabetic male with partial thickness burn to the left lower leg D) a 35-year old hyperlipidemic female with superficial burns to the anterior thorax. - ANSC) a 52-year old diabetic male with partial thickness burn to the left lower leg Which of the following values indicates the need for alcohol withdrawal interventions? A) CIWA-Ar of 36 *** B) GCS 13 C) ETCo2 of 48 mm Hg D) heart rate of 45 beats/min - ANSA) CIWA-Ar of 36 Which pulse pressure description is an indication of early hypovolemic shock? A) widened B) narrowed C) bounding D) weak - ANSB) narrowed
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GRADED A+
Why is a measure of serum lactate obtained in the initial assessment of the trauma patient? a) to measure oxygenation and ventilation b) to quantify the base deficit for the adequacy of cellular perfusion c) to gauge end-organ perfusion and tissue hypoxia d) to determine the underlying cause of shock - ANSc) to gauge end-organ perfusion and tissue hypoxia You are caring for a patient who was involved in a MVA and is 32 weeks pregnant. Findings of your secondary survey include abd pain on palpation, fundal high at the costal margin, and some dark bloody show. Varying, accelerations and decelerations are noted on the cardiotocography. These findings are most consistent with which of the following? A) placental abruption B) preterm labor C) uterine rupture D) fetal demise - ANSA) placental abruption You are treating a 27-year old male in respiratory distress who was involved in a house fire. Calculating TBSA burned is deferred d/t the need for emergent intubation. At what rate should you begin fluid resuscitation? A) 1000 mL/hr B) 500 mL/hr C) 250 mL/hr D) 125 mL/hr - ANSB) 500 mL/hr A (AVPU) - ANSAlert. Will be able to maintain airway once clear. A (Primary Survey) - ANSAirway and alertness with simultaneous cervical spinal stabilization. Airway Assessment - ANSInspect: tongue obstruction, loose/missing teeth, foreign objects, blood, vomitus, secretions, edema, burns or evidence of inhalation injury Auscultate: listen for obstructive airway sounds (ie. snoring, gurgling, stridor) Palpate: palpate for possible occlusive maxillofacial bony deformity, subcutaneous emphysema Airway Interventions: - ANSSuction Remove foreign body if noted Jaw thrust maneuver (maintain cspine)
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GRADED A+
Inotropic support to improve contractility. Circulation and Control of Hemorrhage Assessment - ANSInspect: Uncontrolled external bleeding, skin color Auscultate: Muffled heart sounds - may indicate pericardial tamponade Palpate: carotid and/or femoral pulses for rate, rhythm, strength Circulation and Control of Hemorrhage Interventions - ANSControl and treat external bleeding: apply direct pressure, elevate bleeding extremity, apply pressure over arterial sites, consider use of a tourniquet. 2 large bore IVs, if unable consider IO, obtain labs and crossmatch. Initiate IVF of warmed isotonic crystalloid solution. Consider blood products after 2L. **Large volumes of fluid lead to dilution coagulopathy which worsens metabolic acidosis and may cause hypothermia. Component therapy, including administering RBC, plasma and platelets is a balanced approach so that O2 delivery is optimized, acidosis corrected and coagulopathy prevented. Classifications of Shock - ANSHypovolemic - decrease in the amount of circulating blood volume Obstructive - obstruction in either the vasculature or heart Cardiogenic - pump failure in the presence of adequate intravascular volume Distributive - maldistribution of an adequate circulating blood volume (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) Corneal Abrasion - ANSDamage to the corneal epithelium. Easy to evaluate with fluorescein. Findings: photophobia, tearing, pain, injected conjunctiva (redness), lid swelling, irritation Treatment: Ophthalmic ABX, Cycloplegic agent to decrease spasms and pain, ophthalmic NSAIDS to decrease swelling, oral analgesics, Ophthalmic f/u in 24 hours. (Do NOT patch - increases infection) Corneal Foreign Body - ANSRoutinely metal, plastic or wood.
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
Findings: photophobia, pain, injected conjunctiva (redness), lid swelling Treatment: topical anesthetic, removal of foreign body, ophthalmic ABX, cycloplegics, oral analgesia Corneal Laceration - ANSInvolves one or more layers of the cornea. Visualized with a slit lamp. Findings: similar to abrasion, pain out of proportion to findings, decreased vision Treatment: treat small lacerations similar to an abrasion, larger lacerations need ophthalmology referral and possible surgery Cycloplegic agent - ANSCycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation. Because of the paralysis of the ciliary muscle, the curvature of the lens can no longer be adjusted to focus on nearby objects. D (Primary Survey) - ANSDisability (Neurologic Status) Disability Assessment - ANSAssess GCS on arrival and repeat per policy. Assess pupils for equality, shape and reactivity (PERRL) Disability interventions - ANSEvaluate for need for CT. Assume AMS to be the result of CNS injury until proven otherwise. Consider ABGs - AMS may be indicator of decreased cerebral perfusion, hypoventilation or acid-base imbalance. Consider bedside glucose. Distributive Shock - ANSOccurs as a result of maldistribution of an adequate circulating volume with a loss of vascular tone or increased permeability. Diffuse vasodilation lowers the systemic pressure, creating a relative hypovolemia or reduction of the mean systemic volume and venous return to the heart or drop in preload, resulting in distributive shock. Anaphylactic: release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, which contracts bronchial smooth muscle and increases vascular permeability and vasodilation. Septic Shock: systemic release of bacterial endotoxins, resulting in an increased vascular permeability and vasodilation
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GRADED A+
- Makes no movements
- Extension to painful stimuli (decerebrate)
- Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (decorticate)
- Withdrawal to painful stimuli
- Localizes painful stimuli
- Obeys commands H (Secondary Survey) - ANSHistory Prehospital Report (MIST) M: MOI I: Injuries sustained S: Signs and symptoms in the field T: Treatment in field Patient History (SAMPLE): S: Symptoms A: Allergies and tetanus status M: Medications P: Past medical history L: Last oral intake E: Events and Environmental factors related to injury. H: Head and Face Head to Toe Assessment (secondary survey) - ANSSOFT TISSUE: Inspect: lacerations, puncture wounds, abrasions, contusions, edema, ecchymosis, impaled objects. Palpate: areas of tenderness, step-offs, crepitus BONY DEFORMITIES: Inspect: asymmetry of facial expressions, exposed tissue or bone for brain matter Palpate: depressions, angulations, tenderness Hepatic Injuries - ANSIn blunt trauma the liver may lacerate from increased abdominal pressure. Hematoma - bleeding contained within the capsule Laceration - the capsule is disrupted
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GRADED A+
Findings: Cullen sign (ecchymosis around the umbilicus or RUQ), tenderness, guarding or rigidity RUQ, 9-12 rib FXs, elevated LFT Graded I-VI, I = minor trauma Nonoperative management is standard of care in hemodynamically stable patient. Observed with serial abdominal exams. Findings of contrast extravasation may be embolized by IR. For surgical patients - fluid resuscitation is essential. Risks of surgery include disruption of the natural tamponade process due to the evacuation of large amounts of blood resulting in hypovolemia. Hypovolemic Shock - ANSCaused by a decrease in the amount of circulating blood volume. In trauma typically results from hemorrhage, but can result in a precipitous loss of volume, ie vomiting or diarrhea. Burn trauma can result in hypovolemic shock from damage to the cell membranes leading to plasma and protein leakage. of body water, results in inadequate perfusion. Hyperventilation can cause increased intrathoracic pressure resulting in compression of the heart and decreased cardiac output. Initial Assessment - ANS1. Preparation and Triage
- Primary Survey
- Reevaluation
- Secondary Survey
- Reevaluation Adjuncts
- Reevaluation and Post Resuscitation Care
- Definitive Care or Transport Intraocular Foreign Body - ANS*TRUE EMERGENCY AND EARLY INTERVENTION IS ESSENTIAL. Findings: compromised visual acuity, misshapen pupils, pain Treatment: elevate HOB, ophthalmology, immobilize foreign body, patch UNAFFECTED eye to limit concomitant eye movement, globe closure ASAP, systemic and ophthalmic ABX, analgesics. Postop infection, retinal detachment and vision loss are common complications.
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
lymphocytes to stimulate an immune response to blood borne microorganisms. Stores 200-300ml of blood and leads to hemodynamic instability quickly if damaged. Splenic Injuries - ANSIn blunt trauma the spleen may lacerate from increased abdominal pressure. Graded I-V, I = minor trauma Assessment findings: signs of trauma LUQ, abdominal distention, asymmetry, abnormal contour, tenderness, guarding, rigidity, pain left shoulder when supine. CT: Hemoperitoneum. Hypodensity - represents parenchymal disruption, intraparenchymal hematoma or subcapsular hematoma. Contrast blush or extravasation
- hyperdense area that represent traumatic disruption. Active extravasation implies ongoing bleeding. Nonoperative management is preferred if hemodynamically stable, stable H/H x 12- hours, minimal transfusion requirements (<2units), grade I or II without blush, age <55, alert able to assist in assessment of abdomen. Surgical options: total splenectomy for severe injury, for less severe - direct pressure packing, embolization, splenorrhaphy (suturing spleen), partial removal. Asplenic patients have difficulty destroying encapsulated bacteria - Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides and Haemophilus influenza. At risk for pneumococcal sepsis. Need annual flu shot and q5yr meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines. U (AVPU) - ANSUnresponsive. Does not respond to any stimuli. V (AVPU) - ANSVerbal. Needs verbal stimuli to respond. (Airway adjunct may be needed to prevent tongue obstruction)
- ANSPrehospital shock index pg. 85 ____________ ___________ Injury: shearing or tearing. Diagnosed with MRI. Widespread microscopic hemorrhage. - ANSDiffuse Axonal Injury (Cannot recover from this; shearing/tearing portion DOES NOT heal) ____________ ___________ Injury: shearing or tearing. Diagnosed with MRI. Widespread microscopic hemorrhage. - ANSDiffuse Axonal Injury (Cannot recover from this; shearing/tearing portion DOES NOT heal)
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GRADED A+
______________ Shock: Spinal cord injury at any level. Transient loss of reflex below the level of injury. Variable duration. S & S: flaccidity, loss of reflexes, bowel/bladder dysfunction. - ANSSpinal ______________ Shock: Spinal cord injury at any level. Transient loss of reflex below the level of injury. Variable duration. S & S: flaccidity, loss of reflexes, bowel/bladder dysfunction. - ANSSpinal __________________ Shock: Spinal cord injury at T6 or above. Temporary loss of vasomotor tone and sympathetic innervation. Temporary duration usually <72 hours. S & S: hypotension, bradycardia, loss of ability to sweat below level of injury. - ANSNeurogenic __________________ Shock: Spinal cord injury at T6 or above. Temporary loss of vasomotor tone and sympathetic innervation. Temporary duration usually <72 hours. S & S: hypotension, bradycardia, loss of ability to sweat below level of injury. - ANSNeurogenic ___________________: Impairs thrombin production and platelet function _____________ ______________: Impairs thrombin production _______________________: Results in depletion of clotting factors through hemodilution and the impaired ability to produce clotting factors. - ANSTrauma Triad of Death
- Hypothermia
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Coagulopathy ___________________: Impairs thrombin production and platelet function _____________ ______________: Impairs thrombin production _______________________: Results in depletion of clotting factors through hemodilution and the impaired ability to produce clotting factors. - ANSTrauma Triad of Death
- Hypothermia
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Coagulopathy ???;.][''''''''''''''''''' - ANSthis card was created by a cat. enjoy. .. activation: .... are found in the carotid sinus and along the aortic arch, are sensitive to the degree of stretch in the arterial wall. When the receptors sense a decrease in stretch, they stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to release Epi, norepi, causing stimulation of cardiac activity and constriction of blood vessels, which causes a rise in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure - ANSBaroreceptors:
