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A comprehensive overview of tissue engineering, covering key concepts such as stem cells, scaffolds, bioreactors, and nanomaterials. it details various stem cell types, their applications in tissue engineering, and the challenges associated with their use. the document also explores different scaffold fabrication methods, including electrospinning and 3d printing, and discusses the role of bioactive factors in tissue regeneration. This resource is ideal for students studying biomedical engineering, regenerative medicine, or related fields.
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Tissue Engineering โโAn interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.
Stem Cells โโA cell that has the ability to self renew and differentiate into various other specialized cell types.
Cells in Tissue Engineering โโCell Location (based on tissue types):
Scaffold in Tissue Engineering โโ- Natural Scaffolds
Bioreactors โโ- System where conditions are closely controlled to permit and induce a certain behavior in living cells or tissues
Two Key Features of Stem Cells โโ- Self-renewal capacity (can copy themselves)
Types of Stem Cells โโTotipotent: cells can develop into a new individual cells from early embryos (1-3 days)
Pluripotent: cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type (over 220); the inner cell mass of blastocyst from early embryo (5 to 14 days)
Multipotent: cells can give rise to cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages; cord blood and adult stem cells
Potential Solutions (Embryonic Stem Cells) โโ- Teratoma formation -> Pre-differentiate cells in culture then insert
Pluripotent Stem Cells: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) โโ- iPS cells are a type of artificial pluripotent stem cells derived from adult cells, which were genetically reprogrammed to add certain genes
Summary of iPS Cells โโStengths:
Major Limitations:
Multipotent Stem Cells: Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells โโ- MSCs are multipotent stem cells that are of stromal origin can differentiate into a variety of cell types
Sources:
Lineages:
Materials Role in Tissue Engineering โโ- Structure Support
Types of Materials for Biomedical Applications โโAccording to bulk properties:
According to Sources:
Materials for Tissue Engineering โโPolymer: long-chain molecules that consist of a large number of small repeating units - collagen, chitosan, silk, fibrin, GAG; poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), poly(eta-coprolactone), PLGA
Ceramics: a class of inorganic solids which are prepared by action of heating and subsequent cooling - coral for bone; calcium phosphates
Composite: engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials - decellularized tissue; nanocomposite
Material Criteria for Tissue Regeneration โโ- Biocompatible
Nanomaterials โโMaterials with basic structural units, grains, particles, fibers, or other constituent components smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension ( 1 nm = 10^-9)
Natural Tissue Structure: Cells and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) โโThe ECM promotes a unique microenvironment that fosters cell and tissue organization
Role:
CNT is configurationally equivalent to a 2-D graphene sheet rolled into a tube.
Carbon Nanotube Properties โโ- Superior mechanical properties
Scaffold Roles โโ- Provide appropriate structures support
3-D and porous
Tissue Engineered Scaffold Fabrication Methods โโ- Electrospinning
Introduction to Electrospinning โโ- A versatile technique applicable to a wide range of polymers and solvents
Applications:
Electrospinning vs. Electrospraying โโSpinning: molecular cohesion of the liquid must be sufficiently high so stream won't break up
Spraying: streams break up into droplets
Wet Electrospinning โโA standard electrospinning setup alligned with the collector plate and submerged in a water or organic bath.
3-D Printing โโ- 3-D printing is a process of creating 3-D objects from digital files using a materials printer
3-D Printing for Tissue and Organ Regeneration โโ- A normal inkjet printer
The Steps for a 3-D Printed Organ โโ- The petri dish is filled with water or uncrosslinked hydrogel
CT scan -> CAD image -> Bone scaffold fabricated from 3-D printer -> Surgeons implant customized scaffold into patient
Advantages of 3-D Printing for Tissue Engineering โโ- Biomimetric 3-D
Bioactive Factors - Growth Factors โโ- Growth factor is a naturally occurring substance and helps facilitate cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation
Bone-Morphogenic Protein (BMPs) โโ- BMPs are multi-functional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-b superfamily
Research in Growth Factors for Tissue Engineering โโ- The effects of growth factors on cells
Growth Factors for Bone and Cartilage Cells โโ- Transforming growth factor-b superfamily
Typical Mechanical Stimulations for Cartilage Regeneration โโ- Dynamic shear
What are Bioreactors โโ- System where conditions are closely controlled to permit and induce a certain behavior in living cells or tissues
Main Objective of Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering โโ- To establish spatially uniform cell distributions on 3-D scaffolds
Bioreactor Types โโ- Spinner flask bioreactors
DNA Based Helical Rosette Nanotubes โโHRNs or RNTS are a new class of nanotubes obtained through the self-assembly of the DNA base pair building blocks (Guanine^Cytosine) in aqueous solutions.
Advantages of Self-Assembly Nanotubes/Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering โโ- Biomimetic nano structural features
Medical Application of Electrospinning โโ- Scaffolds for tissue engineering
Electrospinning Materials โโSynthetic Polymers
Natural Polymers
Nanocomposites
3-D Printed Hard Tissue โโ- Predesigned CAD patterns