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Thoracic Spine, Scoliosis, and Cervical Anatomy
Review: 160 Questions and Answers.
the vertebral column forms the..... - Correct answer central axis of the skeleton the vertebral column is centered in the ___________ plane - Correct answer midsagittal the vertebral column is located in the _______trunk - Correct answer posterior what are 3 functions of the vertebral column - Correct answer 1. encloses & protects spinal cord
- supports trunk & skull
- provides muscle attachments the first compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Correct answer cervical curvature (concave) (lordotic) the first primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Correct answer thoracic curvature (convex) the second compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the... - Correct answer lumbar curvature (concave) (lordotic) the second primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Correct answer sacral curvature (convex) which curves form first, compensatory or primary - Correct answer primary the first compensatory curve forms when infants.... - Correct answer lift their heads the second compensatory curve forms when infants... - Correct answer start to walk
definition of kyphosis - Correct answer exaggerated thoracic curvature "humpback" kyphosis is increased... - Correct answer convexity definition of lordosis - Correct answer exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback" lordosis is increased... - Correct answer concavity definition of scoliosis - Correct answer abnormal lateral curvatures scoliosis is commonly detected in __________ years - Correct answer adolescent scoliosis is caused by.... - Correct answer disease, surgery/trauma, idiopathic (unknown cause) if scoliosis is not detected & treated, it may progress to point of.... - Correct answer debilitation what are 2 distinctive features of thoracic spine - Correct answer - rib articulations (facets & demifacets)
- caudally pointed spinous processes T1-T10 have facets for _________ joints - Correct answer costotransverse T11-T12 do not have facets for __________ joints - Correct answer costotransverse T1-T4 resemble.... - Correct answer cervical vertebrae T5-T8 are typical... - Correct answer thoracic vertebrae T9-T12 resemble.... - Correct answer lumbar vertebrae T10-T12 have single __________ on each side for costovertebral joints - Correct answer costal facet
what is the breathing for lateral T-spine - Correct answer orthostatic breathing what is the kVp for T-spine projections - Correct answer 80- where is the CR at for lateral T-spine - Correct answer T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) if the spine is not parallel during lateral T-spine projections, use a ____________ angle - Correct answer 10-15* cephalic what is the IR size & orientation for lateral T-spines - Correct answer 14x17 LW for lateral T-spines, kVp may need to be ______ because of breathing technique - Correct answer reduced during lateral T-spines, the shoulders may cover.... - Correct answer T and T for AP/PA T-spine obliques, what is the patient rotation - Correct answer 70* where is the CR at for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Correct answer T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) what is the IR size & orientation for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Correct answer 14x17 LW where is the CR at for cervicothoracic lateral (swimmers) T-spine - Correct answer T1 (1" above jugular notch) to separate the shoulders in a cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine projection, what kind of angle do you use - Correct answer 3-5" caudal what is the IR size & orientation for cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine - Correct answer 10x12 LW what is the SID for all thoracic projections - Correct answer 40"
scoliosis radiography demonstrates.... - Correct answer amount/degree of curvature that occurs w/ force of gravity acting on body scoliosis is also used to evaluate..... - Correct answer fixation devices (such as Harrington rods) bending scoliosis studies are used to differentiate between.... - Correct answer primary & compensatory curves is upright or recumbent preferred for scoliosis projections - Correct answer upright what is the SID for scoliosis projections - Correct answer 60" what is the IR size & orientation for scoliosis projections - Correct answer 14x36 LW what is a benefit & risk for AP scoliosis projections over PA - Correct answer benefit: less OID between spine & IR risk: dose to breasts & thyroid is increased 90% what is a benefit & risk for PA scoliosis projections over AP - Correct answer benefit: dose to breasts & thyroid is reduced 90% risk: increased OID what is the kVp for AP/PA scoliosis projections - Correct answer 80- what is the kVp for lateral scoliosis projections - Correct answer 90- what are the breathing instructions for all scoliosis projections - Correct answer expiration where is the CR at for ALL scoliosis projections - Correct answer lower IR border 1-2" below iliac crest for the Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series, you elevate the ______ side - Correct answer convex (low) for AP right & left bending: scoliosis series, the pelvis remains ________ - Correct answer stationary (pivot point)
definition of articular pillars on cervical vertebrae - Correct answer short column of bone that is located between superior & inferior articular processes the articular pillars of the cervical vertebrae is thicker & more supportive than.... - Correct answer similar area of bone in rest of spinal column what is the articular pillar called when referring to C1 - Correct answer lateral mass the cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed by... - Correct answer articulation between superior & inferior articular processes the zygapophyseal joints between C2-C7 are located at..... - Correct answer 90* from MSP (true lateral position) the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 are seen in a _______ projection - Correct answer true AP (open mouth) a lateral cervical projection best demonstrates..... - Correct answer zygapophyseal joints between C2-C AP open mouth cervical projection best demonstrates... - Correct answer zygapophyseal joint between C1-C injury high in spinal cord can result in.... - Correct answer serious paralysis and death the zygapophyseal cervical joints should appear perfectly... - Correct answer symmetric what can cause the appearance of asymmetry in the cervical region - Correct answer injury or rotation of skull cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by.... - Correct answer inferior & superior borders of pedicles
the demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina rotate the patient.... - Correct answer 45* while also rotating the patient 45* to demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina, also use a ______ tube angle - Correct answer 15* what are the 2 requirements to open cervical intervertebral foramina - Correct answer - 45* patient oblique
- 15* tube angle LPO/RPO cervical projections require a _______ tube angle to open the intervertebral foramina - Correct answer 15* cephalic LAO/RAO cervical projections require a _____ tube angle to open the intervertebral foramina - Correct answer 15* caudal the LPO & RAO cervical projections best demonstrates the _____ foramina
- Correct answer right the RPO & LAO cervical projections best demonstrates the _____ foramina
- Correct answer left to demonstrate C2-C7 zygapophyseal joints what position is done - Correct answer 90* lateral 90* lateral C2-C7 have the right & left zygapophyseal joints _______ - Correct answer superimposed to demonstrate C1-C2 zygapophyseal joints what position is done - Correct answer AP open mouth AP open mouth C1-C2 have the left & right joint spaces ______ - Correct answer equal b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have a body, what are the 2 things that replace the body - Correct answer anterior arch & anterior tubercle b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have spinous processes, what are the 2 things that replace the spinous process - Correct answer posterior arch & posterior tubercle
what are the breathing instructions for all the cervical projections - Correct answer expiration what are the 3 reasons erect cervical is preferred over supine - Correct answer - demonstrates alignment & ligament stability
- demonstrates natural curve of spine
- helps to depress shoulders where is the CR at for AP open mouth cervical projections - Correct answer through center of mouth for AP open mouth cervical projections, the upper incisors & base of skull should be... - Correct answer superimposed AP open mouth cervical projections should be collimated down to a.... - Correct answer 4x the dens is prone to fractures caused by... - Correct answer whiplash rotation of skull during AP open mouth cervical projections can imitate.... - Correct answer pathology (unequal spaces between lateral masses & dens) the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 is the __________ joint - Correct answer atlantoaxial if teeth are superimposed on upper dens for AP open mouth cervical projections, you can fix it by.... - Correct answer - slight hyperextension of neck
- slight cephalic angle if base of skull superimposed dens for AP open mouth cervical projections, you can fix it by.... - Correct answer - slight hyperflexion of neck
- slight caudal angle if base of skull & upper incisors are superimposed & dens is still not well visualized in an AP open mouth cervical projection, what methods can be done - Correct answer Judd or Fuchs
what is the CR angle for AP axial cervical projections - Correct answer 15- 20* cephalic where is the CR at for AP axial cervical projections - Correct answer C (lower thyroid cartilage) erect AP axial cervical projections requires a ______ CR angle - Correct answer 20* cephalic supine AP axial cervical projections require a ______ CR angle - Correct answer 15* cephalic the cephalic angle for AP axial cervical projections open up intervertebral joint spaces b/c.... - Correct answer bodies have slight overlap for cervical vertebras posterior cervical oblique projections require a _____ CR angle - Correct answer 15* cephalic anterior cervical oblique projections reluire a ______ CR angle - Correct answer 15* caudal where is the CR at for both posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections
- Correct answer C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections require a patient rotation of... - Correct answer 45* why are anterior cervical obliques preferred over posterior - Correct answer dose to thyroid & breasts is reduced by 10x where is the CR at for lateral cervical projections - Correct answer C (lower thyroid cartilage) lateral cervical projections require the patients shoulders to be... - Correct answer relaxes & dropped if C7 can't be seen in a lateral cervical projection, what projection should be done - Correct answer swimmers
where is the CR at for the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method - Correct answer C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method requires the neck to be.... - Correct answer hyperextended what is the CR angle for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Correct answer 20-30* caudal where is the CR at for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Correct answer lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5)
