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A comprehensive overview of various medications used to treat cardiovascular conditions. It covers key aspects of each drug, including its mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, contraindications, interactions, complications, and administration guidelines. Particularly valuable for students and professionals in the field of pharmacology, nursing, and medicine.
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hiazide
Meds
urinary output · hydrochlorothiazide
purpose is to decrease the BP , ·
given Oral 31v) excrete edematous fluid seen in HF. Loop diuretics work in the loop of · Chlorthalidone henle of the kidney . These are furosemide/Lasics
block reabsorption
.
Blocks the reabsorption -
of sodium and chloride. It It
diuresis when renal function
isn't
prevents the
of water.
use caution :
, CV disease , liver disease
the early
convuluted
tube
causes extensive diuresis with DM ,
, electrolute Severe
disturbance , lithium , NSAIDs
chace
unlabeled use is
. can be
Oral , IV , IM Interactions
for
mild-moderate HF mu Another
is bumentanide
will increase
used to reduce urine
lication hypokalemic effects & in ppl with diabetes cause ventricular
reabsorption of calcium
: monitor for
arrhythmias
mouth ,
. & can reduce risk of Osteoporosi Monitor electrolytes
Lithium carbonate blood levels can increase , which
If headache , Chest pain , calf or pelvic um pain occur it can indicate thrombosis / can lead to toxicity
embolism
NSAIDS decrease blood
: monitor BP
,
diuretic effects. *
: avoid use of other ototoxic
like
Always monitor
, M lipids , hypomagnesium antibiotics like
.
,
(monitor
uric acid ,
, HDL , LDL) Tell them to report tinnitus
weight
Hypokalemia : monitor for S/S like
can cause
in baby
in muscle cramps , weakness
Don't use If there's renal impairement
Foods in cause no risk of
Potassium
bananas-nuts · Alternate day dosing
potatoes
Spinach ·
them the same time
dried fruits - citrus food
cantalopue Other adverse effects Diuretics are include hyperglycemia , to be
,
thing in the
hyponatremia
& before
to
nocturia
Potassium-sparing Osmotic
diuretics
Spironolactone
reduces increased
Intracranial
Intraocular
pressure
Serum
back fluid
Blocks
action
into
the vascular & extravascular
space
other
failure
Administered for the
oliguria
of Ak
effects to
treat
nations
Complications * HF s
um
Hyperkalemia
inhibitors ,
Rebound increased intracranial pressure
,
renin inhibitors cause
imbalances
,
metabolic acidosis
·
voice
·
Hirstuism
um
·
impotence
·
active
,
anuria
,
severe
·
Irregularities
of
menstrual cycle
edema
,
Severe
Drowsiness ,
metabolic acidosis
um
um
excretion
through
is increased
Fetal harm
Don't take if
you
have
w/ cardiac
Severe
we
use filter needle when
from the vial
a a filter
ARBs
Renin inhibitors
Aliskiren
Valsartan -
Binds
of
· The
is to block the
anglotensin
,
decreasing
production
both
action of
2 in the body
.
angiotensin
aldosterone
·
vasodilation
·
of
water
uses
when used alone
hypertension
antihypertensive
Heart failure
rash
,
for rash
.
Stop
the
med
,
call all
Reduces
following
an acute MI
glottis
Fetal
Injury
Diarrhea : close related
,
girls
&
adult clients
,
ring
and 3rd trimes
*Bilateral
u
single
·
of
angioedema
,
,
renal
·
Increased risk for lithium
hypotension ,
un
antihypertensives
High
fat-food
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine
Nifedipine-Verapmil-Diltiazem
purpose ~
calcium
channels
in the
blood -
vessel
leads to vasodilation
of vascular In
who're
in
cardiogenic
Smooth
muscle
arteries of heart
,
Gortic
Stenosis ,
.
same purpose
.
It also
hypotension
,
sick Sinus
2nd/3rd
channels in the
,
to a decreased
Verapmil
is contraindicated
of contraction
,
HR
,
of
,
Digoxin
Toxicity ,
Severe HF ,
Heart block
,
use with caution if
have
/ liver disorders
,
mild-moderate
the rate
of conduction
Avnode
,
are used for Cardiac
like
,
atrial flutter
,
Interactions
u
Nifedipine
complicin
is
Nifedipine
·
,
grapefruit juice
can
lead to
toxicity
ladminister
metropolo
tachycardial
concurrent use
of
lead to
,
AV block
,
bradycardia
toxicity
.
No
grapefruit
(due
to excessive
doses
. Monitor USEECG.
Provide
E Cathartic If needed . Nursing
Administer
calcium
,
,
fluids
.
Have cardioversion
Slowly
over 2- min
Cardiac pacer
Withhold med
mmHg
Orthostatic hypotension
edema.
Constipation
ofCardiac
(Bradycardia ,
HF
. Observe
for slow pulse
activity
intolerance
Dysrhythmias
complex
is widened &QTinterval
is
prolonged
Acute toxicity
in
hypotension
, brady.
Al block,
Eventricular
Centrally
acting
alpha
agonists
Clonidine
Methyldopa
within the CNS
sympathetic
outflow
resulting
in decreased
adrenergic
&
peripheral
primary
hypertension
use of
,
pain
, tricyclic
antidepressants
can
Management
ADHD
depressants
can occur with
Investigational
use
use
migraine
flushing
,
w
.
give
by
,
Complications
transdermal
only
larger
Dry
mouth
Rebound
Contradications
use
patch
on
&
·
in
clients
a
bleeding
disorder or
are on
anticoagulants
·
caution
: Asthma
,
,
COPD
,
, depressive
disorder
Beta
adrenergic
blockers
(sympatholytics
Cardioselective
metoprolo ,
atendol ,
esmolal
Nonselective
:
Proprandol
,
Nadolol
Alpha
,
-tons
, propranolol
,
labetolo
with caution
of renin -
Proprano
:
in
breast milk
Therapeutic
Don't
to
ppl
/
#V block & Sinus
Primary hypertension
Angina
,
Hf ,
MI
-use with caution : myasthenia
gravis
,
hypotension,
reflex tachy .
vasculardisease ,
DM
,
depression,
,
Complications
,
Propranolol
Bradycardia
·
CB blockers
Ediltiazen intensify
effects
of
use
wi caution in DM be
it
manifestation of low
glucose
can
mask
hypoglycemic
effect
Decreased
the breakdown
of
fat in response
to
(get
baseline ECG Monitor
Orthostatic
Rebound
excitation
Administration
~
becomes sensitized
to catecholamines
give
once
or
twice a
with
long
term use of
beta blockers)
metoprolol ,
labetalo , Dropranool
can be
Elications
of
IV
Take w food
Glycogenolysis
is
(N
risk for harm from hypoglycemia
because
the
process
of
is impaired.
taking
abruptly
Cardiac
Glycosides
toxicity
reduces Kidney
Digoxin
Digoxin
=
(* force of
Negative
Chronotropic
(GHR)
IV
over
5 min. 10-15 if
edema
Never double dose
is
missed
Treats
but
Dysrhythmias
How to manage
stop digoxin
implication
a
cardiotoxicity
with
or
↓
caused
by
Bradycardia
Give
levels
,
or
level :
digoxine
immune
can bind
Report
manifestations
of
like anorexia , nausea ,
anorexia is first
of
CNS effects
·
headache
·
fatigue
/ weak
vision
,
Or
white halos around
under
not
enters
breast milk
contraindicated in ppl
w/
VFIB
,
VTACH
,
heart
block
· ACE inhibitors
↑ risk of
which can
lead to decreased
therapeutic
levels of
digoxin
·
Digoxin-heart
to fight
·
wi Antacids
Organic
Nitroglycerin
In chronic
Stable
it dilates the veins
decreases venous return whichI cardiac
oxygen
demand
In Prinzmetal
Angina
it prevents
artery spasm ,
supply
Complications
Headache (use
Orthostatic
Reflex tachu
Tolerance
Contraindications
can effect maternal fetal circulation
contraindicated in Severe anemia ,
close-
traumatic head
Injury
be it
can * Intracranial
pressure
use caution in
ppl
antihypertensive
meds , clients who have hyperthyroidism or
Kidney ,
liver
dysfunction
Do not take
phosphodiesterase type
5 with
Nitro. Severe
~
alcohol
contributes to
hypotensive
effect
anginal
attack
.
Sit or lie down
No relief after first tablet? Call all
more than 3
Cholesterol
absorption
inhibitor
Ezetimibe
Inhibits reabsorption
bile
ofCholesterol from food
complications
Hepatitis
Lobserve
dysfunction
,
,
important
Myopathy
HDL
,
LDL
triglycerides
levels
,
kidney
Pregnant/Lactating
they
have active
Follow low-fat
,
Cholesterol
Interactions
mu
interfere with
ezetimibe Ihr before
or thr after
dysfunction
use with
increases
risk of Cholelthiasis
Emyopathy
concurrent use
of
Bile Acid
Sequestrants
Prototype
:
Cholestyramine
Colesevelam ,
Colestipol
Nursing
Purpose
:
Decrease LDL
not
with
can be taken with statins
Colestipol
crushed
complicatio
a
Colestipol
Contraindications
contraceptives
contraindicated
in
clients who have bowel obstruction or
by
high
triglycerides
use cautiously
If they
dysphagia
Interactions
They
with absorption
many
second-gen sulfonylureas
phenytoin (seizure med)
Oral
meds Ihr
4hr after
Monoclonal Antibodies
Alirocumab-Evolocumab
Decreases
LDL
by
binding
to
receptors
used as
adjunct
dietary
modifications in
people
Complications
um
Hypersensitivity
Creport
, Urticaria
,
vasculitis)
Local
injection
site reaction
(rotate
,
avoid areas of inflammation
,
,
Contraindicated
Pregnancy
,
use
w/ caution
. Crosses
placenta
.
History
of
hypersensitivity
to
med
Administered
via
subcutaneous
route
.
~ huthmicMedicators
a
sopyramide
blockers
slow
conduction
velocity
Purpose
is to slow
in the Atria
,
ventricles
,
,
,
and
system
.
Delays repolarization
usest
flutter
Applications
·
resolves after
med. Give wi food to reduce
gastric upset
·
tinnitus
,
headache , nausea
vision ·
can
after I dose
cardiotoxicity
·
of QRS
over 50 %,
the QT
Interval
,
of the PRInterval
are
indications of procainamide
·
level is 2-
·
Monitor
for
confusion , drowsiness
,
vomit
·
Monitor vs &ECG
·
If
dysrhythmias continue
,
hold the med
Contradication
n,
a
harm
hypersensitivity
to
procaine , complete
heart block ,
ventricular tachy
. SLE
use with caution in ppl
with
partial
AV block ,
disorder
,
Hf ,
Antidysrhythms
have additive effects
E can increase
toxicity
Beta blockers & Cimetidine can t
effects
Antihypertensives
have additive
effect
Class
2
Propranolol ,
Acebutolo
Atrial flutter
Sur
Angina
tachydusrhutmias
Exercise
induced tachydysrhythmias
Paraxysmal
tachy
~
Complicatioef
,
,
,
bronchospasm ,
Hypotension
Contraindications
placenta
can cause
neonatal
,
, hypoglycemia
.
decrease blood
supply to
a
for
or
cause
growth
,risk
complications
,
,
thyroid
or
Administer
mg/min
Class 3
Amiodarone
Dotetilide
prolong
potential
&
the cardiac
cycle
Amiodarone slows
Prolongs
action
Reduced
automaticity
in the
SA node
.
causes blue-gray
In the
AV
,
ventricles
, Purkinje
Slin
color
.
uses
um
of
: Oral route
VFIB EVACH
Atrial flutter
dronedarone
is
also a
,
dofetilide ,
butilide
implicato
e
for
,
,
e +c
BP , ECG ,
Indications of HFl
Visual
, blurred
Vision ,
Others
: liver Ethyroid dysfunction
,
Gl disturbance ,
CNS effects , photosensitivity ,
discolored skin
Phlebitis :
use of
central venous Catheter
: Brady
, Al
block
Contraindications
crosses
can harm fetus. Don't breastfeed
Newborns
,
Infants ,
clients with
AV block Ebradycardia
use
with liver
,
thyroid,
or
respiratory
dysfunction
,
HF
, Efluid
↑
levels
concurrent use of beta blockers
Diuretics ,
antibiotics Can
" risk of
diltiazem can lead
to
St John's Wort
,
rifamping levels of amiodarone
,
procainamide ,
,
diltiazem , warfarin
Administration
Obtain baseline
, eye
exam
,
Chest
X-ray.
W/ K
can
continue
weeks or months after meds discontinue