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Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing - Lecture Slides | ESM 266, Study notes of Environmental Science

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Dozier; Class: REMOTE SENSING; Subject: Environmental Science & Management; University: University of California - Santa Barbara; Term: Spring 2008;

Typology: Study notes

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Uploaded on 08/30/2009

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4/21/2008
ESM266:Infraredremotesensing 1
ESM266:ESM266:ThermalinfraredThermalinfrared
remoteremotesensin
g
sensin
g
gg
(Wikipedia – Infrared)
Infraredremotesensing,tomeasureInfraredremotesensing,tomeasure
Surface temperature, through the
atmosphere
Atmospheric sounding
T t d h idit
3
T
empera
t
ure an
d
h
um
idity
Trace gas concentrations
Radiation balance
Emissivity
Antenna on roof of Ellison Hall
http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/ and follow link
to DATA->AVHRR Images
AVH RRAVH RR (NOAA’soperational(NOAA’soperational
meteorologicalsensor)meteorologicalsensor)
4
FusionbetweendataonoceantemperatureFusionbetweendataonoceantemperature
andsurfaceheightandsurfaceheight
Ter aSca n
calibrate,
de-cloud,
aggregate extrapolate
SST
g
ridSST “su
p
er data”AVHRR ima
g
e
HRPT downlink
HRPT Data Handling HRPT Gridding
SST SST
u
t
+⋅
CD-ROM
g
p
g
extrapolate
calibrate,
aggregate
MGDR
cracker
ocean height
“super data” ocean height
grid
TOPEX points
GOAL:
Local and advective components of upper ocean heat balance:
TOPEX
Gridding
TOPEX
Data Handling
RadiationprinciplesRadiationprinciples
All bodies radiate
Hotter bodies radiate more at all
wavelengths
Rditi f htt bd k t
6
R
a
di
a
ti
on
f
rom a
h
o
tt
er
b
o
d
y pea
k
s a
t
a
shorter wavelength than from a cooler
body
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Download Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing - Lecture Slides | ESM 266 and more Study notes Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity!

ESMESM 266:266: ThermalThermal infraredinfrared

remoteremote sensingsensinggg

(Wikipedia – Infrared)

InfraredInfrared remoteremote sensing,sensing, toto measuremeasure ……

  • Surface temperature, through the atmosphere
  • Atmospheric sounding T t d h idit

3

  • Temperature and humidity
  • Trace gas concentrations
  • Radiation balance
  • Emissivity
  • Antenna on roof of Ellison Hall
  • http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/ and follow link to DATA->AVHRR Images

AVHRRAVHRR (NOAA’s(NOAA’s operationaloperational meteorologicalmeteorological sensor)sensor)

4

FusionFusion betweenbetween datadata onon oceanocean temperaturetemperature andand surfacesurface heightheight

TeraScan

calibrate, de-cloud, aggregate extrapolate HRPT downlink AVHRR image SST “super data” SST grid

HRPT Data Handling HRPT Gridding

SST (^) u SST t

∂ ∂

  • →⋅∇

CD-ROM

g p g

MGDRcracker aggregatecalibrate, extrapolate

ocean height “super data” ocean height TOPEX points grid

GOAL : Local and advective components of upper ocean heat balance:

TOPEX Gridding TOPEX Data Handling

RadiationRadiation principlesprinciples

  • All bodies radiate
  • Hotter bodies radiate more at all wavelengths R di ti f h tt b d k t

6

  • Radiation from a hotter body peaks at a shorter wavelength than from a cooler body

GoverningGoverning equationequation

2 5

(^2) , where x 1 L hc^ x hc λ λ e k λ T = = −

Planck’s equation (spectral curves on next slide) S f B l ∞

7

c speed of light 3.00× 10 8 ms – h Planck’s constant (^) 6.63× 10 –34^ Js k Boltzmann’s constant 1.38× 10 –23^ JK– σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67× 10 –8^ Wm–2^ K –

Stefan-Boltzmann equation

4 0

E = π ∫ L d λ λ =σ T

DefinitionDefinition ofof IRIR regionsregions

1.0E+

1.0E+

1.0E+

1.0E+ Sun (5800K)Scaled for Earth-Sun distance Earth (288K)

1.0E-01 8

1.0E+

1.0E+

1.0E+

1.0E+

1.0E+

0.1 1 10 100 wavelength (μm)

radiance

NIR SWIR

Mid IR Thermal IR

AtmosphericAtmospheric transmissiontransmission ofof infraredinfrared radiationradiation

9

http://www.pentec.com/instrumentation.htm

InfraredInfrared spectralspectral regionsregions

attributes disadvantages 3.5–4.5 μ m (Mid IR)

Clearest atmospheric window and finest spatial resolution for

Cloud cover. Less energy than 8–12 μm. Mixed with solar

10

spatial resolution for measuring temper- ature.

Mixed with solar radiation in daytime.

8–12 μ m (Thermal IR)

Atmospheric window. Peak of energy emitted from Earth. Most accurate temper- atures.

Cloud cover. Coarser spatial resolution than MWIR.

EmissivityEmissivity——objectsobjects areare notnot blackbodiesblackbodies

  • Kirchhof’s Law: emissivity = absorptance
    • Probability of emission of a photon at a given frequency and angle is same as probability of absorption at same frequency and angle

11

p q y g

  • Emissivity + Reflectance + Transmittance = 1 - (all functions of wavelength and angle)

DefinitionDefinition ofof brightnessbrightness temperaturetemperature TTBB

2 2 5 5

hc k TB (^) 1 hc k T 1

hc hc e e hc

λ ε^ λ θ^ λ λ λ

12

So 1 ln

Or ln 1 B

B (^) hc k T

hc k T

hc T e k

hc T k e

λ

λ

ε λ ε

λ ε ε

ASTERASTER spectralspectral bandsbands onon modelmodel atmosphereatmosphere

MODISMODIS——ModerateModerate‐‐ResolutionResolution ImagingImaging SpectroradiometerSpectroradiometer

  • 36 bands, 1 in SWIR, 6 in mid IR, 10 in thermal IR
  • Measurements of S f / l d t t

20

  • Surface/cloud temperature
  • Atmospheric temperature
  • Cirrus clouds and water vapor
  • Ozone
  • Cloud top altitude

AIRSAIRS——AdvancedAdvanced InfraredInfrared SounderSounder

  • 2400 bands in IR (3.7-15 μm) and 4 bands in visible (0.4-1.0 μm) - Absorption “signature” around 4.2 μm and 15 μm (CO 2 ) and 6 3 μm (H 2 O) enables

21

μm (CO 2 ) and 6.3 μm (H 2 O) enables temperature and humidity sounding to 1 km vertical resolution

  • Spatial resolution is 13.5 km
  • Complemented by microwave sounders to deal with clouds

HIRDLSHIRDLS——HighHigh‐‐ResolutionResolution DynamicDynamic LimbLimb SounderSounder

  • Sound upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere for temperature and a variety of gases O H O CH N O NO HNO N O CFC

22

  • O 3 , H 2 O, CH 4 , N 2 O, NO 2 , HNO 3 , N 2 O 5 , CFC- 11, CFC-12, ClONO 2
  • 21 bands from 6.12 μm to 17.76 μm

TESTES——TroposphericTropospheric EmissionEmission SpectrometerSpectrometer

  • High-resolution infrared-imaging Fourier transform spectrometer - Spectral coverage of 3.2 to 15.4 μm at a spectral resolution of 0 025 cm –

23

spectral resolution of 0.025 cm

  • Line-width-limited discrimination of most radiatively active gases in the Earth's lower atmosphere

OperationalOperational MissionsMissions

  • GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)
    • Imager and sounder
  • POES (Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellites, i.e. AVHRR)
    • Two satellites provide coverage with maximum delay of 6 hours Latest is NOAA 15 launched May 13 1998

24

  • Latest is NOAA-15, launched May 13, 1998
  • NPOESS (National Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellite System)
  • Joint NOAA/NASA/DoD mission
  • Launch no earlier than 2011
  • Imaging, microwave, and sounding instruments

LandLand surfacesurface temperaturetemperature fromfrom MODISMODIS

  • Go to the MODIS Land Global Browse page
  • Select the MOD11/MYD11 checkbox (Surface Temperature)

25

(Surface Temperature)

  • Enter date range
  • Select satellite (Terra and/or Aqua)
  • Select Collection (5 is most recent)

ActiveActive firefire detectiondetection

  • MODIS Fire and Thermal Anomaly

26

Anomaly website

OceanOcean surfacesurface temperaturetemperature fromfrom MODISMODIS

  • MODIS ocean web site
  • Click on Quality Assurance to get the browse tool [intuitive?]

27

HowHow doesdoes allall thisthis work?work?

  • As noted in previous lecture, a great feature of NASA’s EOS program is that the algorithms are peer-reviewed and published in algorithm theoretical basis documents

28

  • Each instrument has a page with links to these ATBDs, e.g. for MODIS, one can go to Zhengming Wan’s ATBD for land surface temperature - The algorithm uses MODIS bands 31 (10.78- 11.28μm) and 32 (11.77-12.27μm)

Dr.Dr. Wan’sWan’s equationequation isis

1 2 3 2 31 32

1 2 3 2 31 32

1 2 1 2

s T C A A A T^ T

B B B T^ T

ε ε ε ε ε ε ε ε

= + ⎛^ + −^ + Δ⎞ + ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠

  • ⎛^ + −^ + Δ⎞ − ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠

29

31 32 (^31 3231 )

2 where , brightness temperatures in bands 31, = 2 and , , coefficients given by multidimensional lookup

T T

A B C

ε ε

ε^ ε^ ε ε ε ε

⎝ ⎠

  • (^) Δ = −

tables (they depend on angle)

SpectralSpectral emissivityemissivity librarylibrary

30