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Nightingale
1860 To Facilitate the reparative processes of the body by manipulating patient's environment Nurse manipulates patient's environment-noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope TERM 2
Peplau
DEFINITION 2 1952 Develop interaction between nurse and patient Nursing is significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process. Nurses participate in structuring health care systems to facilitate interpersonal relationships TERM 3
Henderson
DEFINITION 3 1955 Work interdependently with other health care workers, assisting patient in gaining independence as quickly as possible; help patient gain lacking stregth so that patient functions independently help patients perform 14 basic needs TERM 4
Henderson's 14 basic needs
DEFINITION 4 breathe normally eat and drink adequatley eliminate body wastes move and maintain desirable position sleep and rest select and dress self in suitable clothes maintain body temperature within normal range keep body clean and groomed and protect skin avoid danger in environment and avoid injuring others communicate with other and express emotions, needs, fears or opinions worship according to faith work so there is accomplishment play or participate in recreation learn discover or sarisfy the cuiosity that lead to normaldevelopmentandhealth and use available health faculties TERM 5
Roy
DEFINITION 5 1970 Identify types of demands placed on patient, assess adaptation to demands, and help patient adapt; individual as biopsychosical adaptive system; nursing is a humanistic discipline that emphasizes the person's adaptive or coping abilities
Rogers
1970 role of the nurse is to serve people and coordinate the rhythm between the human and environmental fields, help patient in process of change, help patients move toward better health; proposes noninvasive modalities for nursing such as therapeutic touch, humor, music, meditation and guided imagery patient's are "unitary human beings" who cannot be divided into parts TERM 7
Orem
DEFINITION 7 1971 Care for and help patient attain total self-care Nursing care is necessary when patient is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs TERM 8
King
DEFINITION 8 1971 Use communication to help patient reestablish positive adaptation to environment Nursing is a dynamic interpersonal process among nurse patient, and health care system TERM 9
Neuman
DEFINITION 9 1974 Help individuals families, and groups attain and maintain maximal level of total wellness by purposful interventions Stress reduction is goal of systems model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention TERM 10
Leininger
DEFINITION 10 1978 Provide care consistent with nursing's emerging science and knowledge with caring as central focus; view patients in the context of their cultures With this transcultural care theory, caring is the central and unifying domain for nursing knowledge and practice; involves planning nursing care in context of recognizing the health beliefs and folk practices of the patient's culture
Clinical Science
"applied" science Takes to patient's bedside those "pure science" findings that may be useful in curing, managing, or preventing diseases or managing symptoms TERM 17
Translational Science
DEFINITION 17 serves as a conduit between "bench" and "bedside" Takes findings from the laboratory tests for development for use at the bedside Then, reverses process to take clinical research done at bedside to ask new questions at the bench level TERM 18
Scientific Method
DEFINITION 18 the use of an orderly, systematic way of thinking about and solving problems and is common to all research "good" science is based on previous work of others in same or other scientific discipline ensures knowledge is based on sounds principles requires standardized experimental designs has measurable variables and outcomes has statistical analyses TERM 19
Inductive Reasoning (Logic)
DEFINITION 19 process begins with a particular experience (experiment or research inquiry) and proceeds to generalization REsearch leads to a generalization applied to the larger group if it is applicable to a scientifically valid sample, then it can be viewed as applicable to the larger population required in research TERM 20
Deductive Reasoning (Logic)
DEFINITION 20 prooceeds from the general case to the specific case conclusions are drawn by logical inference from given premises if it is applicable generally, then it will be applicable to one similar case required in research
Problem solving
designed for immediate action provides an effective intervention in one set of circumstances that has immediate application TERM 22
Research
DEFINITION 22 generalizable (transferable) to other situations deals with long-term solutions rather than immediate ones provides systematic investigation of phenomena (events or circumstances) related to improving patient care TERM 23
Research Process Steps
DEFINITION 23 1.Identification of a research problem 2.Review of the literature 3. Formulation of the research question or hypothesis 4. Design of the study 5. Implementation of the research 6. Drawing conclusions based on findings 7. Discussion of implications 8. Dissemination of findings TERM 24
Qualitative Research Study
Phases
DEFINITION 24 Identification of a research problem that is exploratory or descriptive, without using a hypothesis review of the literature pose the overarching question(s) that guides the exploratory or descriptive research, including the possibility of posing the situation as a research question Design the data collection protocol (indluding sampling suitavle for qualitative research, such as purposeful sampling) Choose or design the research methodology suitable for qualitative research (ethnography, descriptive comparisons, surveys, intensive interviewing) implementation: conduct the study in the "field" analyze the data from the firld using principles of qulaitative analysis draw conclusions (possibly developing a hypothesis) from the analyzed data disseminate the findings TERM 25
Relationship between nursing research,
theory, and practice
DEFINITION 25 circular relationship research ideas are generated from three sources: clinical practice, literature, theory published articles about nursing research often generate interest in further studies nursing theorists generate research ideas that are then tested in nursing research studies
Evidence-based practice
uses evidence-based research to help ensure positive patient outcomes practice is improved with critical appraisal of the best evidence is the foundation for practice TERM 32
Steps of Evidence-Based Practice
DEFINITION 32 Ask a clinical question collect the most relevant and best evidence critically appraise the evidence you gather integrate all evidence with one's clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making a practice decision or change Evaluate the practice decision of change share the outcomes of EBP changes with others TERM 33
PICO
DEFINITION 33 Process that supports examining research literature to determine best practices P= population of interest I= Intervention C= Comparison O= Outcome TERM 34
Systems theory
DEFINITION 34 a set of interrelated parts, in which each part is necessary to the whole TERM 35
"Persons"
DEFINITION 35 unique open systems each individual man, woman, or child each functions as an open system with numerous subsystems
Open system
promotes exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment TERM 37
Maslow's five-level hierarchy
DEFINITION 37
- Those needs that ensure physiological survival (oxygen, rest, activity, shleter, and sexual expression 2. Safety and security needs (physical and psychological needs) 3. needs for love and belonging (social and intimate relationships) 4. Self-esteem needs (need for self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance) 5. Self- actualization (realization of one's maximum or optimal potential TERM 38
Element affect on environment
DEFINITION 38 all circumstances, influences, and conditions that surround and affect individuals, families, and groups TERM 39
Cultural affects of environment
DEFINITION 39 consists of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of social and ethnic groups that are perpetuated through generations TERM 40
Social affects of environment
DEFINITION 40 groups of families neighborhoods schools churches professional associations civic groups recreational groups
Nursing focuses on optimally assisting people
to:
manage health avoid or minimize disease and disability resotre wellness, or achieve a peaceful death TERM 47
Nurse's ability to facilitate health for the
patient:
DEFINITION 47 collaboration with patients and families provision of care regarless of individual differences support for the value, dignity, and uniqueness of each person considerationi and inclusion of patients' cultural and belief system TERM 48
Belief
DEFINITION 48 represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true or correct can be described as a conviction TERM 49
Belief system
DEFINITION 49 organized beliefs that serve as a guide, or roadmap, for thinking and decision-making TERM 50
3 Categories of beliefs
DEFINITION 50
- descriptive or existential beliefs 2. Evaluative beliefs 3. Presciptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs
Values
freely chosen principle, ideals, or standards held by an individual or group that give meaning and direction to life an abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable most ovservalbe human behaviors are manifestations or consequences of human_______ TERM 52
Value issues challenging for
nurses
DEFINITION 52 abortion advance directives right to die right to refuse treatment assisted death alternative lifestyles TERM 53
Philosophy
DEFINITION 53 set of beliefs about the nature of how things work and how the world should be viewed the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the univers a search for meaning in the universe serve as blueprints or guides and incorporate each nurse's values and belief systems statements that are used as bases for thinking and acting based on beliefs about nursing; expressions of values includes individuall and collective TERM 54
Epistemology
DEFINITION 54 study of the theory of knowledge itself TERM 55
Logic
DEFINITION 55 study of proper and improper methods of reasoning
Nursing Knowledge Level of
Abstraction
Metaparadigm Most abstract Philosophies Conceptual Models Theories Empirical indicatorsLeast Abstract TERM 62
Conceptual model or framework
DEFINITION 62 a more specific organization of nursing phenomena than a philosophy implies an organizational structure that makes clearer connections between concepts provide organizational structures for critical thinking about the processes of nursing (less abstract and more formalized than philosophies) TERM 63
Grand theory of nursing
DEFINITION 63 a very broad conceptualization of nursing phenomena TERM 64
Middle-range theory of nursing
DEFINITION 64 narrower in focus and makes connections between grand theories and nursing practice TERM 65
Theory-based education
DEFINITION 65 curricula are built on one or more conceptual models important for student to understand that their coursework is based on a philosophy or a conceptual model that shapes the way nursing is taught
Theory-based practice
occurs when nurses intentionally structure their practice around a particular nursing theory and use it to guide them as they: assess plan diagnose intervene evaluate nursing care TERM 67
Requirements for early nursing school
applicants
DEFINITION 67 "good breeding" and "lady-like behavior" submission to authority sensitivity intelligence TERM 68
Nursing leaders that emerged from Chicago
World's Fair
DEFINITION 68 Isabel Hampton (Robb) Lavainia Lloyd Dock Bedford Fenwick Paper by Florence Nightingale TERM 69
American Nurses Association
DEFINITION 69 1896 Founded by Isabel Hampton Robb Name changed to ANA in 1911 very small percentage of nurses are active members TERM 70
Henry Street Settlement
DEFINITION 70 Established in NYC Founded by Lillian Wald Addresses serious health conditions of immigrants Service: Visiting nurses, well baby clinics, disease prevention, health education including childbirth education, treated minor illnesses
Nursing: Flexner
intellectual has own body of knowledge practical taught through specialized education altruism TERM 77
Nursing: Hall
DEFINITION 77 Qualifications organized calling TERM 78
Consistent criteria of nursing
DEFINITION 78 specialized knowlege and autonomy ethics/standards service/altruism TERM 79
The Educational Status of Nursing (1912)
DEFINITION 79 Mary Adelaide Nutting Focused on teaching methods, material being taught and living conditions of student TERM 80
The Study of Nursing and Nursing Education
DEFINITION 80 "Goldmark Report" focused on clinical learning experiences, hospital control of education, desirability of university based schools, funding, and lack of prepared teachers
Nursing Schools Today and
Tomorrow
1934 by National League of Nursing Education Focused on schools, curricula, professional collegiate education TERM 82
A Curriculum Guide for Schools of
Nursing
DEFINITION 82 1937 outlined 3-year curriculum and influenced school structure TERM 83
Nursing Education Studies
DEFINITION 83 programs should be established within the U.S. system of higher education nurses should be highly educated Students should not be used to staff hospiatls standards for nursing practice should be established all students should meet minimum graduation requirements TERM 84
Options for nursing education
DEFINITION 84 Diploma Scholl--hospital based 24 month program Baccalaureate Degree Program--4 year BSN Associate Degree Program--2 year Associate's Degree TERM 85
External Degree
Programs
DEFINITION 85 Students attend classes infrequently in most cases, particularly in online program learning is independent via online study can include VSN, MSN, or doctoral programs
