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Theories of Development - Psychology - Notes |, Study notes of Psychology

Material Type: Notes; Class: Psychology; Subject: Psychology; University: St. Johns River Community College; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Study notes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 04/04/2010

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Chapter Eight
I. Theories of Development
A. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Development
1. Schemes
a. Assimilation
b. Accommodation
2. Stages
a. Sensorimotor stage 0-2
Object permanence
b. Preoperational Stage 2-7
1. Symbolic function
2. Pretend Play
3. Egocentrism
c. Concrete operations 7-12
1. Conservation
2. Reversability
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Chapter Eight I. Theories of Development A. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

  1. Schemes a. Assimilation b. Accommodation
  2. Stages a. Sensorimotor stage 0- Object permanence b. Preoperational Stage 2- 1. Symbolic function 2. Pretend Play 3. Egocentrism c. Concrete operations 7- 1. Conservation 2. Reversability

d. Formal operations stage

  1. Hypothetico-deductive thinking
  2. Naive idealism
  3. Adolescent egocentrism a. Imaginary audience b. Personal fable B. Vygtosky’s sociocultural approach
  4. Private speech
  5. Zone of proximal development
  6. Scaffolding C. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
  7. Preventional level-governed by standard of others a. Stage 1-right avoids punishment b. Stage 2- right is whatever is rewarded
  1. Identity vs. role confusion
  2. Intimacy vs. isolation
  3. Generativity vs. stagnation
  4. Integrity vs. despair II. Prenatal Development A. Conception B. Zygote-union of sperm and ovum C. Period of the embryo (week 3-8) ends when first bone cells form D. Period of fetus-end of second month till birth E. Harm to the fetus
  5. Teratogens-have negative impact on development
  6. Critical periods
  7. Fetal alcohol syndrome
  8. Drugs and impact of fetus

III. Infancy A. Reflexes B. Perceptual and Motor Development

  1. Hearing much more developed than vision
  2. Sensitive to taste and touch
  3. Frantz-facial recognition
  4. Babies can’t distinguish all the colors adults can till 2 months
  5. Maturation C. Temperament
  6. New York Longitudinal Study (1956)
  7. Temperament of children in the study a. 40% easy b. 10% difficult c. 15% slow to warm up d. 35% inconsistent
  1. Between 2 +3 short sentences telegraphic speech
  2. Overregularization
  3. LAD-Norm Chomsky
  4. Phonological awareness B. Socialization
  5. Parenting Styles a. Authoritarian parents b. Authoritative parents c. Permissive parents
  6. Friendships a. Mutual activity b. Trust c. Peer group C. Gender Role Development
  7. Exposure to androgens
  8. Reinforcement
  1. Kohlberg-stages of gender development 2-3 gender identity 4-5 gender stability 6-8 gender constancy
  2. Gender-schema theory Sandra Bem V. Adolescents A. Puberty and Sexual behavior
  3. Secondary sex characteristic
  4. Landmark-first ejaculation for males, menarche for females
  5. Early maturing girls and boys B. Social relationships
  6. Authoritative style
  7. Peer-group

VII. Later adulthood A. Physical changes

  1. Breakdown of myelin
  2. Farsighted, impaired vision, hearing loss, joints stiffer
  3. Exercise B. Cognitive changes
  4. Intelligence a. Crystallized intelligence-increases over lifespan b. Fluid intelligence-abstract reasoning and mental flexibility
  5. Use it or lose it

C. Alzheimer’s disease and other types of Dementia

  1. Dementia-state of severe mental deterioration marked by impaired memory and intellect as well as altered personality and behavior 2.Alzheimer’s disease D. Social Adjustment
  2. Retirement
  3. Loss of a spouse
  4. Living arrangements E. Successful Aging
  5. Optimistic Outlook
  6. Components of successful aging a. Good physical health b. Retention of cognitive abilities c. Continue engagement in social activities