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Chapter Eight I. Theories of Development A. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Schemes a. Assimilation b. Accommodation
- Stages a. Sensorimotor stage 0- Object permanence b. Preoperational Stage 2- 1. Symbolic function 2. Pretend Play 3. Egocentrism c. Concrete operations 7- 1. Conservation 2. Reversability
d. Formal operations stage
- Hypothetico-deductive thinking
- Naive idealism
- Adolescent egocentrism a. Imaginary audience b. Personal fable B. Vygtosky’s sociocultural approach
- Private speech
- Zone of proximal development
- Scaffolding C. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
- Preventional level-governed by standard of others a. Stage 1-right avoids punishment b. Stage 2- right is whatever is rewarded
- Identity vs. role confusion
- Intimacy vs. isolation
- Generativity vs. stagnation
- Integrity vs. despair II. Prenatal Development A. Conception B. Zygote-union of sperm and ovum C. Period of the embryo (week 3-8) ends when first bone cells form D. Period of fetus-end of second month till birth E. Harm to the fetus
- Teratogens-have negative impact on development
- Critical periods
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Drugs and impact of fetus
III. Infancy A. Reflexes B. Perceptual and Motor Development
- Hearing much more developed than vision
- Sensitive to taste and touch
- Frantz-facial recognition
- Babies can’t distinguish all the colors adults can till 2 months
- Maturation C. Temperament
- New York Longitudinal Study (1956)
- Temperament of children in the study a. 40% easy b. 10% difficult c. 15% slow to warm up d. 35% inconsistent
- Between 2 +3 short sentences telegraphic speech
- Overregularization
- LAD-Norm Chomsky
- Phonological awareness B. Socialization
- Parenting Styles a. Authoritarian parents b. Authoritative parents c. Permissive parents
- Friendships a. Mutual activity b. Trust c. Peer group C. Gender Role Development
- Exposure to androgens
- Reinforcement
- Kohlberg-stages of gender development 2-3 gender identity 4-5 gender stability 6-8 gender constancy
- Gender-schema theory Sandra Bem V. Adolescents A. Puberty and Sexual behavior
- Secondary sex characteristic
- Landmark-first ejaculation for males, menarche for females
- Early maturing girls and boys B. Social relationships
- Authoritative style
- Peer-group
VII. Later adulthood A. Physical changes
- Breakdown of myelin
- Farsighted, impaired vision, hearing loss, joints stiffer
- Exercise B. Cognitive changes
- Intelligence a. Crystallized intelligence-increases over lifespan b. Fluid intelligence-abstract reasoning and mental flexibility
- Use it or lose it
C. Alzheimer’s disease and other types of Dementia
- Dementia-state of severe mental deterioration marked by impaired memory and intellect as well as altered personality and behavior 2.Alzheimer’s disease D. Social Adjustment
- Retirement
- Loss of a spouse
- Living arrangements E. Successful Aging
- Optimistic Outlook
- Components of successful aging a. Good physical health b. Retention of cognitive abilities c. Continue engagement in social activities
